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{"sheet":"Index","index":0,"n_rows":53,"n_cols":6,"rows_kept":53,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[0,5,0,12]]}
["Sheet","INDEX",null,null,null,"Technology Data for Energy Plants Updated chapters, August 2016 and later"]
[2,"01 Coal CHP",null,null,null,"All cost data is in 2015€"]
[3,"02 LTE existing plant"]
[4,"03a Coal to wood pellets exi bo"]
[5,"03b Coal to wood chips n. boile"]
[6,"03c coal to wood chips exi. boi"]
[7,"04 Gas turb. simple cycle, L"]
[8,"04 Gas turb. simple cycle Sm-Me"]
[9,"04 Gas turb. simple cycle Micro"]
[10,"05 Gas turb. CC, steam extract."]
[11,"05 Gas turb. CC, Back-pressure"]
[12,"06 Gas engines, natural gas"]
[13,"06 Gas engines, biogas"]
[14,"07 Carbon Capture and Storage"]
[15,"08 WtE CHP, Large"]
[16,"08 WtE CHP, Medium"]
[17,"08 WtE CHP, Small"]
[18,"08 WtE HOP"]
[19,"09 Wood Chips, Large"]
[20,"09 Wood Chips, Medium"]
[21,"09 Wood Chips, Small"]
[22,"09 Wood Pellets, Large"]
[23,"09 Wood Pellets, Medium"]
[24,"09 Wood Pellets, Small"]
[25,"09 Straw, Large"]
[26,"09 Straw, Medium"]
[27,"09 Straw, Small"]
[28,"09 Wood Chips HOP"]
[29,"09 Wood Pellets HOP"]
[30,"09 Straw HOP"]
[31,"10 Stirling"]
[32,"11 SOFC-CHP"]
[33,"12 LT-PEMFC CHP"]
[34,"20 Onshore turbines"]
[35,"20 Domestic turbines"]
[36,"21 Offshore turbines"]
[37,"21 Near shore turbines"]
[38,"22 Photovoltaics Small"]
[39,"22 Photovoltaics Medium"]
[40,"22 Photovoltaics  LARGE new"]
[41,"23 Wave Energy"]
[42,"40 Comp. heat pump, DH"]
[43,"40 Absorption heat pump, DH"]
[44,"41 Electric Boilers"]
[45,"44 Natural Gas DH Only"]
[46,"45 Geothermal - Abs.HP 70 dgs"]
[47,"45 Geothermal - Abs.HP 50 dgs"]
[48,"45 Geothermal - Electric HP"]
[49,"46 Solar District Heating"]
[50,"50 Diesel engine farm"]
[51,"51 Natural gas engine plant"]
[52,"52 OCGT - Natural gas"]
[53,"52 OCGT - Light fuel oil"]

{"sheet":"01 Coal CHP","index":1,"n_rows":56,"n_cols":8,"rows_kept":56,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[37,1,37,7],[2,2,2,7],[4,1,4,7],[5,2,5,5],[12,1,12,7],[17,1,17,7],[21,1,21,7],[28,1,28,7],[31,1,31,7],[33,1,33,7],[34,1,34,7],[53,1,53,7],[38,1,38,7],[61,1,61,7],[40,1,40,7],[41,1,41,7],[49,1,49,7],[50,1,50,7],[42,1,42,7],[43,1,43,7],[44,1,44,7],[45,1,45,7],[51,1,51,7],[52,1,52,7]]}
[null,"01  Supercritical Pulverized Fuel Power Plant - Coal CHP",null,null,null,null,null,"Back to Index"]
[null,"Published  November  2017"]
[null,"Technology","Pulverized coal fired, Supercritical steam process, extraction plant"]
[null,null,2015,2020,2030,2050,"Note","Ref"]
[null,"Energy/technical data"]
[null,"Generating capacity for one unit (MW)","400 - 700"]
[null,"Electricity efficiency, condensation mode, net (%)","44-48","46-51",52,"52-55","C","8;7;9;11"]
[null,"Cb coefficient (50oC/100oC)","0.75","0.84","1.01",null,"A"]
[null,"Cv coefficient (50oC/100oC)","0.15","0.15","0.15",null,null,1]
[null,"Availability (%)",95,95,95,null,"E",7]
[null,"Technical lifetime (years)",25,25,25,25,null,6]
[null,"Construction time (years)","4.5","4.5","4.5",null,null,"2;3;3"]
[null,"Environment"]
[null,"SO2 (degree of desulphuring, %) ",97,97,97,97,"B",5]
[null,"NOX (g per GJ fuel) ",38,35,35,35,"B","12;5;5;5"]
[null,"CH4 (g per GJ fuel)","1.5","1.5","1.5","1.5",null,"13;5;5;5"]
[null,"N2O (g per GJ fuel)","0.8","0.8","0.8","0.8",null,"13;5;5;5"]
[null,"Financial data (in 2015€) "]
[null,"Nominal investment (M€/MW)","1.93","1.9",1.86047495123227,1.7838744273367395,"J","17,18,19,20,21,22"]
[null,"Fixed O&M (€/MW/year)",31500,31000,30355.117625368632,29105.319603915224,"J","17,18,19,20,21,22"]
[null,"Variable O&M (€/MWh)",2.95,2.9,2.8396722939860979,2.7227557048823918,"J","17,18,19,20.21,22"]
[null,"Regulation ability"]
[null,"Primary load support (% per 30 seconds)",5,5,5,5,"D",14]
[null,"Secondary load support (% per minute)",4,4,4,4,"D",14]
[null,"Minimum load (% of full load)",18,15,15,10,null,"10+14"]
[]
["References:"]
[1,"Elsam, November 2003"]
[2,"Elsam's and Elkraft's update of the Danish Energy Agency's 'Teknologidata for el- og varmeproduktionsanlæg', December 1997"]
[3,"Eltra, September 2003"]
[5,"Danish Energy Agency, 2009."]
[6,"\"Projected costs of generating electricity\", International Energy Agency (IEA), 2005."]
[7,"“Energy technology perspectives 2008”, International Energy Agency, 2008."]
[8,"Danish Energy Agency, 2008. Measured data (1994-2006) from newest power plants in Denmark."]
[9,"Own estimate by Danish Energy Agency and Energinet.dk, 2011."]
[10,"Energinet.dk, 2009"]
[11,"www.ad700.dk"]
[12,"\"En opdateret analyse af Danmarks muligheder for at reducere emissionerne af NOx\" (Updated analysis of Denmark's options to reduce NOx emissions; in Danish), Danish Environmental Protection Agency, 2009."]
[13,"National Environmental Research Institute, Denmark, 2009 (data from 2007)."]
[14,"DONG Energy, 2009."]
[15,"\"UK Electricity Generation Costs Update\", Mott MacDonald, June 2010."]
[16,"\"The Costs of CO2 Capture, Transport and Storage\", Zero Emissions Platform (ZEP), July 2011"]
[17,"The IEA World Energy Outlook 2014 coal fired Ultra-supercritical power plants in Europe. Values used are the projection for 2020."]
[18,"The IEA Projected Cost of Generating Electricity 2015 for coal fired power plants. Here both the ‘world median’ is used, and data from recently commissioned plants in the Netherlands. The three units in the Netherlands are chosen because of the proximity to Denmark, because the socio-economic parameters (labour cost etc) are assumed to be similar and because the units are new (all from 2015). "]
[19,"EIA Updated Capital Cost Estimates for Utility Scale Electricity Generating Plants 2013 for pulverizes coal fired advanced single units.[1]"]
[20,"Aggregated data from different projects on existing units that Ea Energy Analyses have been working on since 2010. Data is used for estimating O&M costs."]
[21,"IEA( 2016),Energy Technology Perspectives"]
[22,"E.S. Rubin et al. / Energy Policy 86 (2015) page 198–218, A review of learning rates for electricity supply technologies"]
["Notes:"]
["A","The Cb values have been calculated from the electricity efficiencies in condensation mode, the Cv values and a total efficiency (electricity plus heat) in full back-pressure mode of 90%. Cf. Annex 1."]
["B","The data for SO2 and NOx emissions assume flue gas desulphurisation (wet gypsum) and DeNOx equipment of the “high dust” SCR type."]
["C","Supercritical in 2010 and ultra-supercritical from 2020."]
["D","Please refer to section 'Regulation ability' in the above qualitative description."]
["E","Outage rates are generally about 5% for plants that are 10-20 years old. Unless the plant is refurbished, the rate increases to 20% for plants that are 40 years old (ref. 7)"]
["F","It is assumed that the cost is falling by 0.2 % p.a. "]
[null,"Defaltor 2011-2015",1.0589999999999999]

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[]
[]
[null,null,"Technology","01a Life time extension of coal power plant, extraction plant"]
[null,null,null,2015,2020,2030,2050,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty (2050)",null,"Note","Ref"]
[null,null,"Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper"]
[null,null,"Generating capacity for one unit (MW)",300,300,300,null,200,400,200,400]
[null,null,"Electricity efficiency (condensation mode for extraction plants), net (%), name plate","+0","+0","+0",null,"-1","+1",null,null,"EF",{"$f":"$B$41","v":7}]
[null,null,"Electricity efficiency (condensation mode for extraction plants), net (%), annual average","+0","+0","+0",null,"-1","+1",null,null,"EF",7]
[null,null,"Cb coefficient (50oC/100oC)","+0","+0","+0",null,"+0","+0",null,null,"AF",7]
[null,null,"Cv coefficient (50oC/100oC)","+0","+0","+0",null,"+0","+0",null,null,"AF",7]
[null,null,"Forced outage (%)","+0","+0","+0",null,"+0","+0",null,null,"AF",7]
[null,null,"Planned outage (weeks per year)","+0","+0","+0",null,"+0","+0",null,null,"AF",7]
[null,null,"Technical lifetime (years)",15,15,15,null,null,null,null,null,null,"4, 5, 6, 7"]
[null,null,"Construction time (years)",0.5,0.5,0.5,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"$f":"$B$41","v":7}]
[null,null,"Space requirement (1000m2/MW)","+0","+0","+0",null,"+0","+0",null,null,"AF"]
[null,null,"Regulation ability"]
[null,null,"Primary regulation (% per 30 seconds)","+0","+0","+0",null,"+0","+0",null,null,"AF",{"$f":"$B$41","v":7}]
[null,null,"Secondary regulation (% per minute)","+0","+0","+0",null,"+0","+0",null,null,"AF",{"$f":"$B$41","v":7}]
[null,null,"Minimum load (% of full load)","+0","+0","+0",null,"+0","+0",null,null,"AF",{"$f":"$B$41","v":7}]
[null,null,"Warm start-up time (hours)","+0","+0","+0",null,"+0","+0",null,null,"AF",{"$f":"$B$41","v":7}]
[null,null,"Cold start-up time (hours)","+0","+0","+0",null,"+0","+0",null,null,"AF",{"$f":"$B$41","v":7}]
[null,null,"Environment"]
[null,null,"SO2 (degree of desulphuring, %) ","+0","+0","+0",null,"+0","+0",null,null,"AFG",{"$f":"$B$42","v":8}]
[null,null,"NOX (g per GJ fuel) ","+0","+0","+0",null,"+0","+0",null,null,"AFG",{"$f":"$B$42","v":8}]
[null,null,"CH4 (g per GJ fuel)","+0","+0","+0",null,"+0","+0",null,null,"AFG",{"$f":"$B$42","v":8}]
[null,null,"N2O (g per GJ fuel)","+0","+0","+0",null,"+0","+0",null,null,"AFG",{"$f":"$B$42","v":8}]
[null,null,"Financial data (in 2015€) "]
[null,null,"Nominal investment (M€/MW)",0.23577125574777952,{"$f":"D28","v":0.23577125574777952},{"$f":"D28","v":0.23577125574777952},null,0.14824797843665768,0.33692722371967654,null,null,"CF","4, 5, 6, 7"]
[null,null," - of which equipment","-","-","-",null,"-","-"]
[null,null," - of which installation","-","-","-",null,"-","-"]
[null,null,"Fixed O&M (€/MW/year)","+0","+0","+0",null,"+0","+8,000",null,null,"ABF",{"$f":"$B$41","v":7}]
[null,null,"Variable O&M (€/MWh)","+0","+0","+0",null,"+0","+0",null,null,"ADF",{"$f":"$B$41","v":7}]
[null,null,"Technology specific data"]
[]
[]
[]
[null,"References:"]
[null,4,"Projected Costs of Generating electricity edition 2015, IEA, NEA and OECD 2015 "]
[null,5,"Baggrundsnotat omhandlende metode for Energinet.dk's forventninger til kraftværksudviklingen i Danmark, Energinet.dk, 27. august 2014 (Background note concerning method for Energinet.dk's expectations for power plant development in Denmark , Energinet.dk , August 27, 2014)"]
[null,6,"Studstrupværket kører videre på kul frem til 2015, Ingeniøren, 10. maj 2012,( Studstrupværket continues to run on coal until 2015, Engineer , May 10, 2012, )"]
[null,7,"Ea Energy Analysis, based on experience from various commercial projects."]
[null,8,"It is assumed by Ea Energy Analyses that plants emissions prior to the LTE is within the legal limits."]
[null,"Notes:"]
[null,"A","Values will generally be similar to those of the plant prior to Life Time Extention (LTE). "]
[null,"B","Values will depend on those of the plant prior to LTE, however the average fixed O&M cost may increase slightly for the extension period compared with the original life time to accomodate the necessary reinvestments during the extended life time."]
[null,"C","Investment costs will vary largely, depending on the necessary scope of work. The indicated range represents typical cases where 20-25 years Danish coal power CHP plants have been life time extended to obtain additional 15 years life time (based mainly on budgetted values)."]
[null,"D","Variable O&M costs will in general be similar or a bit smaller to those of the plant prior to LTE. The reason for the small improvement is when you compare it to just before the LTE. When compared to the average over the lifetime the O&M costs will be similar."]
[null,"E","Values will generally be similar to those of the plant prior to LTE. Average efficiencies over the lifetime will be similar to the plant prior to LTE, but the efficiencies just after the LTE will be better than that of the plant just before the LTE."]
[null,"F","Values for year 2050 are not considered relevant since new coal fired power plants are not expected to be built"]
[null,"G","It is assumed that plants emissions prior to the LTE is within the legal limits."]

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[]
[]
[null,"Technology","03 Rebuilding power plants from coal to biomass a) Wood pellets, existing boiler, extraction plant"]
[null,null,2015,2020,2030,2050,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty (2050)",null,"Note","Ref"]
[null,"Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper"]
[null,"Generating capacity for one unit (MW)",300,null,null,null,200,400]
[null,"Electricity efficiency (condensation mode for extraction plants). net (%). name plate",-1,-1,-1,null,"-0",-2,null,null,"ABCI",10]
[null,"Electricity efficiency (condensation mode for extraction plants). net (%). annual average",-1,-1,-1,null,"-0",-2,null,null,"ABCI",10]
[null,"Cb coefficient (50oC/100oC)","-0.02","-0.02","-0.02",null,"-0","-0.05",null,null,"ABCI",10]
[null,"Cv coefficient (50oC/100oC)","+0","+0","+0",null,-0.01,"+0.01",null,null,"AC",10]
[null,"Forced outage (%)","+0","+0","+0",null,"-1","+1",null,null,"A",10]
[null,"Planned outage (weeks per year)","+0","+0","+0",null,"+0","+0",null,null,"A",10]
[null,"Technical lifetime (years)",15,15,15,null,null,null,null,null,"C",10]
[null,"Construction time (years)",2,2,2,null,1.5,2.5,null,null,"C",10]
[null,"Space requirement (1000m2/MW)","+0","+0","+0",null,"+0","+0",null,null,"AD"]
[null,"Regulation ability"]
[null,"Primary regulation (% per 30 seconds)","+0","+0","+0",null,"+0","+0",null,null,"A",10]
[null,"Secondary regulation (% per minute)","+0","+0","+0",null,"+0","+0",null,null,"A",10]
[null,"Minimum load (% of full load)","+0","+0","+0",null,"+0","+0",null,null,"A",10]
[null,"Warm start-up time (hours)","+0","+0","+0",null,"+0","+0",null,null,"A",10]
[null,"Cold start-up time (hours)","+0","+0","+0",null,"+0","+0",null,null,"A",10]
[null,"Environment"]
[null,"SO2 (degree of desulphuring. %) ",{"$f":"'09 Wood Pellets, Large'!C26","v":98.3},{"$f":"'09 Wood Pellets, Large'!D26","v":98.3},{"$f":"'09 Wood Pellets, Large'!E26","v":98.3},null,"-","-"]
[null,"NOX (g per GJ fuel) ",{"$f":"'09 Wood Pellets, Large'!C27","v":20},{"$f":"'09 Wood Pellets, Large'!D27","v":21},{"$f":"'09 Wood Pellets, Large'!E27","v":18},null,19,53,null,null,"G"]
[null,"CH4 (g per GJ fuel)",{"$f":"'09 Wood Pellets, Large'!C28","v":0},{"$f":"'09 Wood Pellets, Large'!D28","v":0},{"$f":"'09 Wood Pellets, Large'!E28","v":0},null,3.1,3.1,null,null,"G"]
[null,{"$f":"'09 Wood Pellets, Large'!B29","v":"N2O (g per GJ fuel)"},{"$f":"'09 Wood Pellets, Large'!C29","v":1},{"$f":"'09 Wood Pellets, Large'!D29","v":1},{"$f":"'09 Wood Pellets, Large'!E29","v":1},null,0.8,0.8,null,null,"G"]
[null,{"$f":"'09 Wood Pellets, Large'!B30","v":"Particles (g per GJ fuel)"},{"$f":"'09 Wood Pellets, Large'!C30","v":0.3},{"$f":"'09 Wood Pellets, Large'!D30","v":0.3},{"$f":"'09 Wood Pellets, Large'!E30","v":0.3}]
[null,"Financial data (in 2015€)                             "]
[null,"Nominal investment (M€/MW)",0.57107382550335573,{"$f":"C29-0.01","v":0.56107382550335572},{"$f":"D29-0.01","v":0.55107382550335571},null,0.39105850023780586,1.0582305271658916,null,null,"CE","10, 11, 12"]
[null," - of which equipment","-","-","-",null,"-","-"]
[null," - of which installation","-","-","-",null,"-","-"]
[null,"Fixed O&M (€/MW/year)","+4725","+4725","+4725",null,"+3150","+6300",null,null,"AF",10]
[null,"Variable O&M (€/MWh)","+0","+0","+0",null,"+0","+1",null,null,"AF",10]
[]
["References:"]
[10,"Ea Energy Analysis, based on experience from various commercial projects."]
[11,"Government response to the consultation on proposals for the levels of banded support under the Renewables Obligation for the period 2013-17 and the Renewables Obligation Order 2012, UK Department of Energy and Climate Change, July 2012."]
[12,"A strategy for converting coal fueled power plants to biomass, Future Metrics, September 2014"]
["Notes:"]
["A","Value depend on the original plant. Value indicate the estimated change from the original value (unit is the same as the paramter)."]
["B","Typically the electricity efficiency  will be 1-2 % point lower than that of the plant prior to conversion. The thermal efficiency is typically unchanged, thus the Cb value decreases, meaning more heat is produced compared to electricity."]
["C","Values for year 2050 are not considered relevant since it is assumed that all coal fired plants in Denmark have been rebuilt or decommissioned."]
["D","Some additional under roof space (or silos) will be required for storage of pellets compared to coal (estimated 50%-100% extra m3 storage). But not more floor space (m2)."]
["E","The nominal investment assumes that the original plant is aged and therefore include investment for a general life time extension campaign"]
["F","The variable O&M costs will be similar to those of the original plant, however fixed O&M costs are likely to increase by 10-20%"]
["G","Assumed the same emission values from the datasheet of new biomass plants (wood chips). See references and notes in the datasheet  '09 Biomass CHP, Steam Turbine - Large steam turbine, Woodchips'."]
["I","It is assumed that plants that are refurbished in 2015 have an electric efficiency of 41% and a CB coefficient of 0.57. Plants refurbished in 2020 have an electric efficiency of 42% and a CB coefficient of 0.64. Plants refurbished in 2030 have an electric efficiency of 44% and a CB coefficient of 0.77. The estimates are made based on Danish CHP plants that are commissioned in 1990, 1995 and 2005."]

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[]
[]
[null,"Technology","03 Rebuilding power plants from coal to biomass b) Wood chips. new boiler, extraction plant"]
[null,null,2015,2020,2030,2050,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty (2050)",null,"Note","Ref"]
[null,"Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper"]
[null,"Generating capacity for one unit (MW)",300,null,null,null,200,400]
[null,"Electricity efficiency (condensation mode for extraction plants). net (%). name plate",-1,-1,-1,null,"-0",-2,null,null,"ABJ",10]
[null,"Electricity efficiency (condensation mode for extraction plants). net (%). annual average",-1,-1,-1,null,"-0",-2,null,null,"ABJ",10]
[null,"Cb coefficient (50oC/100oC)","-0.07","-0.07","-0.07",null,"-0.02","-0.1",null,null,"ABJ",10]
[null,"Cv coefficient (50oC/100oC)","+0","+0","+0",null,-0.01,"+0.01",null,null,"A",10]
[null,"Forced outage (%)","+0","+0","+0",null,"-1","+1",null,null,"A",10]
[null,"Planned outage (weeks per year)","+0","+0","+0",null,"+0","+0",null,null,"A",10]
[null,"Technical lifetime (years)",15,15,15,null,null,null,null,null,"C",10]
[null,"Construction time (years)",2.5,2.5,2.5,null,2,3,null,null,"C",10]
[null,"Space requirement (1000m2/MW)","+0.03","+0.03","+0.03",null,"+0.02","+0.05",null,null,"AD",10]
[null,"Regulation ability"]
[null,"Primary regulation (% per 30 seconds)","-2","-0","-0",null,"-0","-5",null,null,"AI",10]
[null,"Secondary regulation (% per minute)","-2","-0","-0",null,"-0","-5",null,null,"AI",10]
[null,"Minimum load (% of full load)","+0.05","+0.05","+0",null,"+0","+0.1",null,null,"A",10]
[null,"Warm start-up time (hours)","+0.5","+0.5","+0",null,"+0","+2",null,null,"AI",10]
[null,"Cold start-up time (hours)","+1","+1","+1",null,"+0","+2",null,null,"AI",10]
[null,"Environment"]
[null,"SO2 (degree of desulphuring. %) ",{"$f":"'09 Wood Chips, Large'!C26","v":98},{"$f":"'09 Wood Chips, Large'!D26","v":98},{"$f":"'09 Wood Chips, Large'!E26","v":98},null,"-","-"]
[null,"NOX (g per GJ fuel) ",{"$f":"'09 Wood Chips, Large'!C27","v":30},{"$f":"'09 Wood Chips, Large'!D27","v":24},{"$f":"'09 Wood Chips, Large'!E27","v":20},null,19,53,null,null,"G"]
[null,"CH4 (g per GJ fuel)",{"$f":"'09 Wood Chips, Large'!C28","v":3},{"$f":"'09 Wood Chips, Large'!D28","v":2},{"$f":"'09 Wood Chips, Large'!E28","v":2},null,0,0.5,null,null,"G"]
[null,"N2O (g per GJ fuel)",{"$f":"'09 Wood Chips, Large'!C29","v":10},{"$f":"'09 Wood Chips, Large'!D29","v":8},{"$f":"'09 Wood Chips, Large'!E29","v":6},null,2,20,null,null,"G"]
[null,{"$f":"'09 Wood Pellets, Large'!B30","v":"Particles (g per GJ fuel)"},{"$f":"'09 Wood Chips, Large'!C30","v":0.3},{"$f":"'09 Wood Chips, Large'!D30","v":0.3},{"$f":"'09 Wood Chips, Large'!E30","v":0.3}]
[null,"Financial data (in 2015€)                              "]
[null,"Nominal investment (M€/MW)",1.6107382550335569,{"$f":"12/7.45","v":1.6107382550335569},{"$f":"12/7.45","v":1.6107382550335569},null,{"$f":"10/7.45","v":1.3422818791946309},{"$f":"16/7.45","v":2.1476510067114094},null,null,"CE","10. 12"]
[null," - of which equipment","-","-","-",null,"-","-"]
[null," - of which installation","-","-","-",null,"-","-"]
[null,"Fixed O&M (€/MW/year)","+4725","+4725","+4725",null,"+3150","+6300",null,null,"F",10]
[null,"Variable O&M (€/MWh)","+1,5","+1,5","+1,5",null,"+1","+2",null,null,"F",10]
[]
["References:"]
[10,"Ea Energy Analysis. based on experience from various commercial projects."]
[12,"A strategy for converting coal fueled power plants to biomass. Future Metrics. September 2014"]
[]
["Notes:"]
["A","Value depend on the original plant. "]
["B","Typically the electricity efficiency  will be  1-2 % point lower than that of the plant prior to conversion. The thermal efficiency will typically increase to around 105%. thus the Cb value decreases. meaning more heat is produced compared to electricity. This is mainly due to implementation of exhaust gas condenser."]
["C","Values for year 2050 are not considered relevant since it is assumed that all coal fired plants in Denmark have been rebuilt or decommissioned."]
["D","Some additional space will be required for storage of chips (estimated 50%-100% extra)."]
["E","The nominal investment assumes that the original plant is aged and therefore include investment for a general life time extension campaign"]
["F","The fixed O&M costs are likely to increase by 10-20%. whereas the variable O&M costs are likely to increase approx. 50%. "]
["G","Emission values from the datasheet of new CFB biomass plants. See references and notes in the datasheet  'Large Biomass Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion Systems (CFBC) for wood'."]
["I","The regulation time of the boiler will often increase. due to slower burning of chips compared to pulverized fuel. Depending of the other thermal limitations in the cycle (e.g. in the turbines) this will have no change or an increase in the regulation time."]
["J","It is assumed that plants that are refurbished in 2015 have an electric efficiency of 41% and a CB coefficient of 0.57. Plants refurbished in 2020 have an electric efficiency of 42% and a CB coefficient of 0.64. Plants refurbished in 2030 have an electric efficiency of 44% and a CB coefficient of 0.77. The estimates are made based on Danish CHP plants that are commissioned in 1990, 1995 and 2005."]

{"sheet":"03c coal to wood chips exi. boi","index":5,"n_rows":45,"n_cols":12,"rows_kept":45,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[51,15,51,25],[52,15,52,25],[53,15,53,25],[54,15,54,25],[46,15,46,25],[47,15,47,25],[48,15,48,25],[49,15,49,25],[50,15,50,25],[49,1,49,11],[50,1,50,11],[65,1,65,11],[41,1,41,11],[42,1,42,11],[43,1,43,11],[46,1,46,11],[47,1,47,11],[44,1,44,11],[40,1,40,11],[21,25,21,31],[22,17,22,23],[25,25,25,31],[28,17,28,23],[31,25,31,31],[35,17,35,23],[35,1,35,11],[37,1,37,11],[38,1,38,11],[39,1,39,11],[5,26,5,31],[0,2,0,10],[2,18,2,23],[2,26,2,31],[4,17,4,23],[4,25,4,31],[2,2,2,11],[3,6,3,7],[3,8,3,9]]}
[]
[]
[null,"Technology","03 Rebuilding power plants from coal to biomass c) Wood chips, existing boiler, extraction plant"]
[null,null,2015,2020,2030,2050,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty (2050)",null,"Note","Ref"]
[null,"Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper"]
[null,"Generating capacity for one unit (MW)",300,null,null,null,200,400]
[null,"Electricity efficiency (condensation mode for extraction plants), net (%), name plate",-3,-3,-3,null,-2,-4,null,null,"ABI",10]
[null,"Electricity efficiency (condensation mode for extraction plants), net (%), annual average",-3,-3,-3,null,-2,-4,null,null,"ABI",10]
[null,"Cb coefficient (50oC/100oC)","-0.07","-0.07","-0.07",null,"-0.02","-0.1",null,null,"ABI",10]
[null,"Cv coefficient (50oC/100oC)","+0","+0","+0",null,-0.01,"+0.01",null,null,"A",10]
[null,"Forced outage (%)","+0","+0","+0",null,"-1","+1",null,null,"A",10]
[null,"Planned outage (weeks per year)","+0","+0","+0",null,"+0","+0",null,null,"A",10]
[null,"Technical lifetime (years)",15,15,15,null,null,null,null,null,"C",10]
[null,"Construction time (years)",2,2,2,null,1.5,2.5,null,null,"C",10]
[null,"Space requirement (1000m2/MW)","+0.04","+0.04","+0.04",null,"+0.03","+0.06",null,null,"AD",10]
[null,"Regulation ability"]
[null,"Primary regulation (% per 30 seconds)","+0","+0","+0",null,"+0","+0",null,null,"A",10]
[null,"Secondary regulation (% per minute)","+0","+0","+0",null,"+0","+0",null,null,"A",10]
[null,"Minimum load (% of full load)","+0","+0","+0",null,"+0","+0",null,null,"A",10]
[null,"Warm start-up time (hours)","+0","+0","+0",null,"+0","+0",null,null,"A",10]
[null,"Cold start-up time (hours)","+0","+0","+0",null,"+0","+0",null,null,"A",10]
[null,"Environment"]
[null,"SO2 (degree of desulphuring, %) ",{"$f":"'09 Wood Chips, Large'!C26","v":98},{"$f":"'09 Wood Chips, Large'!D26","v":98},{"$f":"'09 Wood Chips, Large'!E26","v":98},null,"-","-",null,null,"G"]
[null,"NOX (g per GJ fuel) ",{"$f":"'09 Wood Chips, Large'!C27","v":30},{"$f":"'09 Wood Chips, Large'!D27","v":24},{"$f":"'09 Wood Chips, Large'!E27","v":20},null,19,53,null,null,"G"]
[null,"CH4 (g per GJ fuel)",{"$f":"'09 Wood Chips, Large'!C28","v":3},{"$f":"'09 Wood Chips, Large'!D28","v":2},{"$f":"'09 Wood Chips, Large'!E28","v":2},null,3.1,3.1,null,null,"G"]
[null,"N2O (g per GJ fuel)",{"$f":"'09 Wood Chips, Large'!C29","v":10},{"$f":"'09 Wood Chips, Large'!D29","v":8},{"$f":"'09 Wood Chips, Large'!E29","v":6},null,0.8,0.8,null,null,"G"]
[null,{"$f":"'09 Wood Chips, Large'!B30","v":"Particles (g per GJ fuel)"},{"$f":"'09 Wood Chips, Large'!C30","v":0.3},{"$f":"'09 Wood Chips, Large'!D30","v":0.3},{"$f":"'09 Wood Chips, Large'!E30","v":0.3},null,null,null,null,null,"G"]
[null,"Financial data (in 2015€)                              "]
[null,"Nominal investment (M€/MW)",{"$f":"12/7.45","v":1.6107382550335569},{"$f":"12/7.45","v":1.6107382550335569},{"$f":"12/7.45","v":1.6107382550335569},null,{"$f":"10/7.45","v":1.3422818791946309},{"$f":"16/7.45","v":2.1476510067114094},null,null,"CE",10]
[null," - of which equipment","-","-","-",null,"-","-"]
[null," - of which installation","-","-","-",null,"-","-"]
[null,"Fixed O&M (€/MW/year)","+14,175","+14,175","+14,175",null,"+12,600","+15,750",null,null,"F",10]
[null,"Variable O&M (€/MWh)","+1,5","+1,5","+1,5",null,"+1","+2",null,null,"F",10]
[]
["References:"]
[10,"Ea Energy Analysis, based on experience from various commercial projects."]
["Notes:"]
["A","Value depend on the original plant. "]
["B","Typically the electricity efficiency  will be 3-4 % point lower than that of the plant prior to conversion. The thermal efficiency is increased to approximately 100% because of flue gas condensation in drying process, thus the Cb value decreases, meaning more heat is produced compared to electricity."]
["C","Values for year 2050 are not considered relevant since it is assumed that all coal fired plants in Denmark have been rebuilt or decommissioned."]
["D","Some additional space will be required for storage of chips (estimated 50%-100% extra) and for the drying plant."]
["E","The nominal investment assumes that the original plant is aged and therefore include investment for a general life time extension campaign"]
["F","Both variable and fixed O&M costs are likely to increase by 40-50% from the original plant."]
["G","Assumed the same emission values from the datasheet of new biomass plants (wood chips). See references and notes in the datasheet  '09 Biomass CHP, Steam Turbine - Large steam turbine, Woodchips'."]
["I","It is assumed that plants that are refurbished in 2015 have an electric efficiency of 41% and a CB coefficient of 0.57. Plants refurbished in 2020 have an electric efficiency of 42% and a CB coefficient of 0.64. Plants refurbished in 2030 have an electric efficiency of 44% and a CB coefficient of 0.77. The estimates are made based on Danish CHP plants that are commissioned in 1990, 1995 and 2005."]

{"sheet":"04 Gas turb. simple cycle, L","index":6,"n_rows":60,"n_cols":31,"rows_kept":60,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[2,3,2,12],[3,7,3,8],[3,9,3,10],[32,2,32,12],[21,2,21,12],[26,2,26,12],[5,3,5,6],[15,2,15,12]]}
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Back to Index"]
[]
[null,null,"Technology","04 Gas turbine, simple cycle (large), back pressure"]
[null,null,null,2015,2020,2030,2050,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty (2050)",null,"Note","Ref"]
[null,null,"Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper"]
[null,null,"Generating capacity for one unit (MW)","40 - 125",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"F"]
[null,null,"Electricity efficiency (condensation mode for extraction plants), net (%)",41,42,43,45,38,42,40,44,null,"6, 12"]
[null,null,"Electricity efficiency (condensation mode for extraction plants), net (%), annual average",39,40,41,43,36,40,38,42,null,"6, 11"]
[null,null,"Cb coefficient (50oC/100oC)",0.95,0.96,1,1,0.8,1.2,0.8,1.2,null,"6, 12"]
[null,null,"Cv coefficient (50oC/100oC)","-","-","-","-","-","-","-","-","J"]
[null,null,"Forced outage (%)",2,2,2,2,2,3,2,3,null,6]
[null,null,"Planned outage (weeks per year)",3,3,2.5,2.5,2,3.5,1.5,3,null,6]
[null,null,"Technical lifetime (years)",25,25,25,25,25,">25",25,">25","E","6, 7"]
[null,null,"Construction time (years)",1.5,1.5,1.5,1.5,1,2,1,2,null,6]
[null,null,"Space requirement (1000m2/MW)",0.02,0.02,0.02,0.02,1.4999999999999999E-2,0.03,1.4999999999999999E-2,0.03,"G",7]
[null,null,"Plant Dynamic Capabilities"]
[null,null,"Primary regulation (% per 30 seconds)",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,"I"]
[null,null,"Secondary regulation (% per minute)",20,20,20,20,20,50,20,50,"C",6]
[null,null,"Minimum load (% of full load)",25,23,20,20,20,25,20,25,"A",6]
[null,null,"Warm start-up time (hours)",0.25,0.23,0.2,0.2,0.1,0.5,0.1,0.4,null,"5, 6, 8"]
[null,null,"Cold start-up time (hours)",0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,0.4,1,0.4,1,null,"5, 6, 8"]
[null,null,"Environment"]
[null,null,"SO2 (degree of desulphuring, %) ",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0]
[null,null,"NOX (g per GJ fuel) ",20,15,10,10,10,30,7.5,20,"D","7, 9"]
[null,null,"CH4 (g per GJ fuel)",1.5,1.5,1.5,1.5,1,8,1,8,"G",9]
[null,null,"N2O (g per GJ fuel)",1,1,1,1,0.7,1.2,0.7,1.2,"G",9]
[null,null,"Financial data (in 2015€)                                "]
[null,null,"Nominal investment (M€/MW)",0.6,0.59,0.56000000000000005,0.52,0.4,0.9,0.35,0.85,null,"6, 10"]
[null,null," - of which equipment","NA","NA","NA","NA","NA","NA","NA","NA","K"]
[null,null," - of which installation","NA","NA","NA","NA","NA","NA","NA","NA","K"]
[null,null,"Fixed O&M (€/MW/year)",20000,19500,18600,18000,"NA","NA","NA","NA","B",6]
[null,null,"Variable O&M (€/MWh)",4.5,4.4000000000000004,4.2,4,4,6,3,5,null,6]
[null,null,"Technology specific data"]
[]
[null,"References:"]
[null,5,"Danish Gas Technology Centre, analysis on gas engine and gas turbine dynamics, 2013"]
[null,6,"Wärtsila Technical Journal \"in detail\" 02-2014"]
[null,7,"Data specs from maufacturers (Web) 2015"]
[null,8,"Danish Gas Technology Centre, analysis and discussion with manufacturers, April 2013"]
[null,9,"Danish Gas Technology Centre, environmental survey 2012"]
[null,10,"Smart Power Generation - The future of electricity production, J. Klimstra & M. Hotakainen 2011"]
[null,11,"IEA: Projected cost of generating electricity, 2010"]
[null,12,"COWI 2015 input"]
[null,13,"The Omes Project results (2005)"]
[null,14,"WBDG-Publication, B. L. Capehart, Microtubines, 2014"]
[]
[null,"Notes:"]
[null,"A","Very low efficiency at low loads and often increased Nox emisison"]
[null,"B","Insurance excluded, unknown. Daily start assumed"]
[null,"C","Power related"]
[null,"D","Based on Dry Low NOx (DLN) techniques"]
[null,"E","Technical- and design life most often > 25 years"]
[null,"F","Electrical output"]
[null,"G","Combined with DGC assumptions, CHP configuration"]
[null,"H","GT's (5 MWe) are available including internal recuperator; the electrical nominal efficiency is then 37 % (LCV basis)"]
[null,"I","No data available, no known use "]
[null,"J","Not relevant for this CHP configuration",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null," "," "]
[null,"K","No data available"]
[null,"L","DGC Estimate"]
[null,"M","Air preheating by internal recuperation included"]

{"sheet":"04 Gas turb. simple cycle Sm-Me","index":7,"n_rows":60,"n_cols":13,"rows_kept":60,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[2,3,2,12],[3,7,3,8],[3,9,3,10],[32,2,32,12],[21,2,21,12],[26,2,26,12],[5,3,5,6],[15,2,15,12]]}
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Back to Index"]
[]
[null,null,"Technology","04 Gas turbine, simple cycle (small and medium), back pressure"]
[null,null,null,2015,2020,2030,2050,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty (2050)",null,"Note","Ref"]
[null,null,"Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper"]
[null,null,"Generating capacity for one unit (MW)","5 - 40",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"F"]
[null,null,"Electricity efficiency (condensation mode for extraction plants), net (%)",36,37,39,40,32,40,34,42,"G, H","6, 12"]
[null,null,"Electricity efficiency (condensation mode for extraction plants), net (%), annual average",34,35,37,38,30,38,32,40,null,"6, 11"]
[null,null,"Cb coefficient (50oC/100oC)",0.71,0.73,0.8,0.8,0.61,0.8,0.7,0.9,null,"6, 12"]
[null,null,"Cv coefficient (50oC/100oC)","-","-","-","-","-","-","-","-","J"]
[null,null,"Forced outage (%)",2,2,2,2,2,3,2,3,null,6]
[null,null,"Planned outage (weeks per year)",3,2.8,2.5,2.5,2,3.5,1.5,3,null,6]
[null,null,"Technical lifetime (years)",25,25,25,25,25,">25",25,">25","E","6, 7"]
[null,null,"Construction time (years)",1.5,1.5,1.5,1.5,1,1.5,1,1.5,null,6]
[null,null,"Space requirement (1000m2/MW)",0.04,0.04,0.04,0.04,0.03,7.0000000000000007E-2,0.03,7.0000000000000007E-2,"G",7]
[null,null,"Plant Dynamic Capabilities"]
[null,null,"Primary regulation (% per 30 seconds)",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,"I"]
[null,null,"Secondary regulation (% per minute)",20,20,20,20,20,50,20,50,"C",6]
[null,null,"Minimum load (% of full load)",25,23,20,20,20,25,20,25,"A",6]
[null,null,"Warm start-up time (hours)",0.25,0.23,0.2,0.2,0.1,0.5,0.1,0.4,null,"5, 6, 8"]
[null,null,"Cold start-up time (hours)",0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,0.4,1,0.4,1,null,"5, 6, 8"]
[null,null,"Environment"]
[null,null,"SO2 (degree of desulphuring, %) ",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0]
[null,null,"NOX (g per GJ fuel) ",20,15,10,10,10,30,8,20,"D","7, 9"]
[null,null,"CH4 (g per GJ fuel)",1.5,1.5,1.5,1.5,1,8,1,8,null,9]
[null,null,"N2O (g per GJ fuel)",1,1,1,1,0.7,1.2,0.7,1.2,null,9]
[null,null,"Financial data (in 2015€)                                 "]
[null,null,"Nominal investment (M€/MW)",0.75,0.73,0.7,0.68,0.6,1,0.55000000000000004,0.95,null,"6, 10"]
[null,null," - of which equipment","NA","NA","NA","NA","NA","NA","NA","NA","K"]
[null,null," - of which installation","NA","NA","NA","NA","NA","NA","NA","NA","K"]
[null,null,"Fixed O&M (€/MW/year)",20000,19500,18600,18000,"NA","NA","NA","NA","B",6]
[null,null,"Variable O&M (€/MWh)",5.5,5.4,5.0999999999999996,4.5999999999999996,5,7,4,6,null,6]
[null,null,"Technology specific data"]
[]
[null,"References:"]
[null,5,"Danish Gas Technology Centre, analysis on gas engine and gas turbine dynamics, 2013"]
[null,6,"Wärtsila Technical Journal \"in detail\" 02-2014"]
[null,7,"Data specs from maufacturers (Web) 2015"]
[null,8,"Danish Gas Technology Centre, analysis and discussion with manufacturers, April 2013"]
[null,9,"Danish Gas Technology Centre, environmental survey 2012"]
[null,10,"Smart Power Generation - The future of electricity production, J. Klimstra & M. Hotakainen 2011"]
[null,11,"IEA: Projected cost of generating electricity, 2010"]
[null,12,"COWI 2015 input"]
[null,13,"The Omes Project results (2005)"]
[null,14,"WBDG-Publication, B. L. Capehart, Microtubines, 2014"]
[]
[null,"Notes:"]
[null,"A","Very low efficiency at low loads and often increased Nox emisison"]
[null,"B","Insurance excluded, unknown. Daily start assumed"]
[null,"C","Power related"]
[null,"D","Based on Dry Low NOx (DLN) techniques"]
[null,"E","Technical- and design life most often > 25 years"]
[null,"F","Electrical output"]
[null,"G","Combined with DGC assumptions, CHP configuration"]
[null,"H","GT's (5 MWe) are available including internal recuperator; the electrical nominal efficiency is then 37 % (LCV basis)"]
[null,"I","No data available, no known use "]
[null,"J","Not relevant for this CHP configuration"]
[null,"K","No data available"]
[null,"L","DGC Estimate"]
[null,"M","Air preheating by internal recuperation included"]

{"sheet":"04 Gas turb. simple cycle Micro","index":8,"n_rows":59,"n_cols":13,"rows_kept":59,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[21,2,21,12],[26,2,26,12],[5,3,5,6],[15,2,15,12],[2,3,2,12],[3,7,3,8],[3,9,3,10]]}
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Back to Index"]
[]
[null,null,"Technology","Gas turbine, simple cycle (micro), back pressure"]
[null,null,null,2015,2020,2030,2050,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty (2050)",null,"Note","Ref"]
[null,null,"Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper"]
[null,null,"Generating capacity for one unit (MW)","0.015 - 0.200"]
[null,null,"Electricity efficiency (condensation mode for extraction plants), net (%), ",30,30,30,30,23,32,25,35,"M",7]
[null,null,"Electricity efficiency (condensation mode for extraction plants), net (%), annual average",28,28,28,28,21,29,23,33]
[null,null,"Cb coefficient (50oC/100oC)",0.6,0.6,0.6,0.6,0.4,0.85,0.4,0.85,null,"7, 13"]
[null,null,"Cv coefficient (50oC/100oC)","-","-","-","-","-","-","-","-","J"]
[null,null,"Forced outage (%)",5,5,5,5,"NA","NA","NA","NA"]
[null,null,"Planned outage (weeks per year)","NA","NA","NA","NA","NA","NA","NA","NA"]
[null,null,"Technical lifetime (years)",15,15,15,15,10,20,10,20,"L"]
[null,null,"Construction time (years)",0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,0.3,0.8,0.2,0.7,"L",13]
[null,null,"Space requirement (1000m2/MW)",0.06,0.06,0.06,0.06,0.05,0.15,0.05,0.15,null,7]
[null,null,"Plant Dynamic Capabilities"]
[null,null,"Primary regulation (% per 30 seconds)",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0]
[null,null,"Secondary regulation (% per minute)",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0]
[null,null,"Minimum load (% of full load)",40,40,40,40,30,50,25,50,"L","7, 13"]
[null,null,"Warm start-up time (hours)",0.25,0.25,0.25,0.25,"NA","NA","NA","(NA)"]
[null,null,"Cold start-up time (hours)",0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,"NA","NA","NA","(NA)"]
[null,null,"Environment"]
[null,null,"SO2 (degree of desulphuring, %) ",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,13]
[null,null,"NOX (g per GJ fuel) ",10,10,10,10,6,15,6,15,null,"7, 13"]
[null,null,"CH4 (g per GJ fuel)",6,6,6,6,"NA","NA","NA","NA",null,13]
[null,null,"N2O (g per GJ fuel)","NA","NA","NA","NA","NA","NA","NA","NA",null,13]
[null,null,"Financial data                                 "]
[null,null,"Nominal investment (M€/MW)",1.2,1.2,1.1000000000000001,1,"NA","NA","NA","NA",null,"13, 14"]
[null,null," - of which equipment",0.85,0.85,0.8,0.7,"NA","NA","NA","NA",null,"13, 14"]
[null,null," - of which installation",0.35,0.35,0.3,0.3,"NA","NA","NA","NA",null,"13, 14"]
[null,null,"Fixed O&M (€/MW/year)","NA","NA","NA","NA","NA","NA","NA","NA"]
[null,null,"Variable O&M (€/MWh)",15,15,14,13,10,15,8,15,null,13]
[]
[null,"References:"]
[null,5,"Danish Gas Technology Centre, analysis on gas engine and gas turbine dynamics, 2013"]
[null,6,"Wärtsila Technical Journal \"in detail\" 02-2014"]
[null,7,"Data specs from maufacturers (Web) 2015"]
[null,8,"Danish Gas Technology Centre, analysis and discussion with manufacturers, April 2013"]
[null,9,"Danish Gas Technology Centre, environmental survey 2012"]
[null,10,"Smart Power Generation - The future of electricity production, J. Klimstra & M. Hotakainen 2011"]
[null,11,"IEA: Projected cost of generating electricity, 2010"]
[null,12,"COWI 2015 input"]
[null,13,"The Omes Project results (2005)"]
[null,14,"WBDG-Publication, B. L. Capehart, Microtubines, 2014"]
[]
[null,"Notes:"]
[null,"A","Very low efficiency at low loads and often increased Nox emisison"]
[null,"B","Insurance excluded, unknown. Daily start assumed"]
[null,"C","Power related"]
[null,"D","Based on Dry Low NOx (DLN) techniques"]
[null,"E","Technical- and design life most often > 25 years"]
[null,"F","Electrical output"]
[null,"G","Combined with DGC assumptions, CHP configuration"]
[null,"H","GT's (5 MWe) are available including internal recuperator; the electrical nominal efficiency is then 37 % (LCV basis)"]
[null,"I","No data available, no known use "]
[null,"J","Not relevant for this CHP configuration"]
[null,"K","No data available"]
[null,"L","DGC Estimate"]
[null,"M","Air preheating by internal recuperation included"]

{"sheet":"05 Gas turb. CC, steam extract.","index":9,"n_rows":59,"n_cols":16,"rows_kept":59,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[2,3,2,12],[3,7,3,8],[3,9,3,10],[26,2,26,12],[32,2,32,12],[5,3,5,6],[15,2,15,12],[21,2,21,12]]}
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Back to Index"]
[]
[null,null,"Technology","05 Gas turbine, combined cycle, extraction plant"]
[null,null,null,2015,2020,2030,2050,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty (2050)",null,"Note","Ref"]
[null,null,"Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper"]
[null,null,"Generating capacity for one unit (MW)","100 - 500",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"F"]
[null,null,"Electricity efficiency (condensation mode for extraction plants), net (%), ",58,59,61,63,55,61,58,65,null,5]
[null,null,"Electricity efficiency (condensation mode for extraction plants), net (%), annual average",55,56,58,60,52,58,55,62,null,"5, 9"]
[null,null,"Cb coefficient (50oC/100oC)",1.7,1.8,2,2.2000000000000002,1.5,2.2000000000000002,1.5,2.4]
[null,null,"Cv coefficient (50oC/100oC)",0.15,0.15,0.15,0.15,"N.A","N.A","N.A","N.A","J"]
[null,null,"Forced outage (%)",3,3,3,3,2,4,2,4,null,5]
[null,null,"Planned outage (weeks per year)",2.5,2.2999999999999998,2,2,2,4,2,4,null,5]
[null,null,"Technical lifetime (years)",25,25,25,25,25,">25",25,">25","E","5, 3"]
[null,null,"Construction time (years)",2.5,2.5,2.5,2.5,2,3,2,3,null,5]
[null,null,"Space requirement (1000m2/MW)",0.02,0.02,0.02,0.02,1.4999999999999999E-2,0.03,1.4999999999999999E-2,0.03,"G",3]
[null,null,"Plant Dynamic Capabilities"]
[null,null,"Primary regulation (% per 30 seconds)","-","-","-","-","-","-","-","-","K"]
[null,null,"Secondary regulation (% per minute)",15,15,15,15,5,15,5,15,null,"5, 3, 11"]
[null,null,"Minimum load (% of full load)",40,40,40,40,30,50,30,50,"A","5, 3, 11"]
[null,null,"Warm start-up time (hours)",1,1,1,1,0.5,1.5,0.5,1.5,"H","5, 6, 1, 11"]
[null,null,"Cold start-up time (hours)",2.5,2.5,2.5,2,2,5,1.5,5,null,"5, 6, 1, 11"]
[null,null,"Environment"]
[null,null,"SO2 (degree of desulphuring, %) ",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0]
[null,null,"NOX (g per GJ fuel) ",20,15,10,8,10,30,5,15,"D","3, 7"]
[null,null,"CH4 (g per GJ fuel)",1.5,1.5,1.5,1.5,1,8,1,8,"G",7]
[null,null,"N2O (g per GJ fuel)",1,1,1,1,0.7,1.2,0.7,1.2,"G",7]
[null,null,"Financial data (in 2015€)                                  "]
[null,null,"Nominal investment (M€/MW)",0.9,0.88,0.83,0.8,0.8,1.2,0.7,1.1000000000000001,null,"5, 8"]
[null,null," - of which equipment",0.7,0.68,0.64,0.61,0.65,1.02,0.6,0.95,null,10]
[null,null," - of which installation",0.2,0.2,0.19,0.19,0.15,0.18,0.1,0.15,null,10]
[null,null,"Fixed O&M (€/MW/year)",30000,29300,27800,26000,25000,35000,20000,30000,"B",5]
[null,null,"Variable O&M (€/MWh)",4.5,4.4000000000000004,4.2,4,3,7,3,7,null,5]
[null,null,"Technology specific data"]
[]
[null,"References:"]
[null,1,"Danish Gas Technology Centre, analysis on gas engine and gas turbine dynamics, 2013"]
[null,3,"Data specs from maufacturers (Web) 2015"]
[null,5,"Wärtsila Technical Journal \"in detail\" 02-2014"]
[null,6,"Danish Gas Technology Centre, analysis and discussion with manufacturers, April 2013"]
[null,7,"Danish Gas Technology Centre, environmental survey 2012"]
[null,8,"Smart Power Generation; the future of electricity production, J. Klimstra & M. Hotakainen 2011"]
[null,9,"IEA: Projected cost of generating electricity, 2010"]
[null,10,"UK Electricity Generation Costs Update, M.M. Donald, June 2010"]
[null,11,"Siemens : Data on GT-CC (2010)"]
[]
[null,"Notes:"]
[null,"A","Low efficiency at low loads and often increased NOx emission"]
[null,"B","Limited availability of data"]
[null,"C","Power related"]
[null,"D","Based on Dry Low NOx (DLN) techniques"]
[null,"E","Technical- and design life most often > 25 years"]
[null,"F","Electrical output"]
[null,"G","CHP configuration, Including DGC assumptions"]
[null,"H","Manufacturers says down to 30 minute"]
[null,"I","No data available"]
[null,"J","Data on Cv from the 2012 version roughly adjusted for higher electricity efficiency"]
[null,"K","No known use "]
[null,"L","No Relevance for Back Pressure Lay Out",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null," "]
[null,"M","Upward regulation is typically 10 - 15 %/min, while downward regulation is > 30 % /min"]

{"sheet":"05 Gas turb. CC, Back-pressure","index":10,"n_rows":59,"n_cols":13,"rows_kept":59,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[2,3,2,12],[3,7,3,8],[3,9,3,10],[26,2,26,12],[32,2,32,12],[5,3,5,6],[15,2,15,12],[21,2,21,12]]}
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Back to Index"]
[]
[null,null,"Technology","05 Gas turbine, combined cycle, back pressure"]
[null,null,null,2015,2020,2030,2050,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty (2050)",null,"Note","Ref"]
[null,null,"Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper"]
[null,null,"Generating capacity for one unit (MW)","10 -100",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"F"]
[null,null,"Electricity efficiency (condensation mode for extraction plants), net (%),",50,51,53,55,42,55,45,58,null,5]
[null,null,"Electricity efficiency (condensation mode for extraction plants), net (%), annual average",47,48,50,52,39,52,42,55,null,"5, 9"]
[null,null,"Cb coefficient (50oC/100oC)",1.2,1.3,1.4,1.55,0.9,1.6,1.1000000000000001,1.7]
[null,null,"Cv coefficient (50oC/100oC)","-","-","-","-","-","-","-","-","L"]
[null,null,"Forced outage (%)",3,3,3,3,2,4,2,4,null,5]
[null,null,"Planned outage (weeks per year)",2.5,2.2999999999999998,2,2,2,4,1.5,4,null,5]
[null,null,"Technical lifetime (years)",25,25,25,25,25,">25",25,">25","E","5 ,3"]
[null,null,"Construction time (years)",2.5,2,2,2,2,3,2,3,null,5]
[null,null,"Space requirement (1000m2/MW)",2.5000000000000001E-2,2.5000000000000001E-2,2.5000000000000001E-2,2.5000000000000001E-2,1.9E-2,3.7999999999999999E-2,1.9E-2,3.7999999999999999E-2,"G",3]
[null,null,"Plant Dynamic Capabilities"]
[null,null,"Primary regulation (% per 30 seconds)","-","-","-","-","-","-","-","-","I"]
[null,null,"Secondary regulation (% per minute)",15,15,15,15,5,15,5,15,"C, M","5, 3, 11"]
[null,null,"Minimum load (% of full load)",40,40,40,40,30,50,30,50,"A","5, 3, 11"]
[null,null,"Warm start-up time (hours)",1,1,1,1,0.5,1.5,0.5,1.5,"H","5, 6, 1, 11"]
[null,null,"Cold start-up time (hours)",2.5,2.5,2.5,2,2,5,1.5,5,null,"5, 6, 1, 11"]
[null,null,"Environment"]
[null,null,"SO2 (degree of desulphuring, %) ",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0]
[null,null,"NOX (g per GJ fuel) ",20,15,10,8,10,30,5,15,"D","3, 7"]
[null,null,"CH4 (g per GJ fuel)",1.5,1.5,1.5,1.5,1,8,1,8,"G",7]
[null,null,"N2O (g per GJ fuel)",1,1,1,1,0.7,1.2,0.7,1.2,"G",7]
[null,null,"Financial data (in 2015€)                                  "]
[null,null,"Nominal investment (M€/MW)",1.3,1.3,1.2,1.1000000000000001,1.1000000000000001,1.8,0.9,1.6,null,"5, 9"]
[null,null," - of which equipment",1,1,0.9,0.8,0.8,1.4,0.65,1.25,null,10]
[null,null," - of which installation",0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.4,0.25,0.35,null,10]
[null,null,"Fixed O&M (€/MW/year)",30000,29300,27800,26000,25000,35000,20000,30000,"B",5]
[null,null,"Variable O&M (€/MWh)",4.5,4.4000000000000004,4.2,4,3,7,3,7,null,5]
[null,null,"Technology specific data"]
[]
[null,"References:"]
[null,1,"Danish Gas Technology Centre, analysis on gas engine and gas turbine dynamics, 2013"]
[null,3,"Data specs from maufacturers (Web) 2015"]
[null,5,"Wärtsila Technical Journal \"in detail\" 02-2014"]
[null,6,"Danish Gas Technology Centre, analysis and discussion with manufacturers, April 2013"]
[null,7,"Danish Gas Technology Centre, environmental survey 2012"]
[null,8,"Smart Power Generation; the future of electricity production, J. Klimstra & M. Hotakainen 2011"]
[null,9,"IEA: Projected cost of generating electricity, 2010"]
[null,10,"UK Electricity Generation Costs Update, M.M. Donald, June 2010"]
[null,11,"Siemens : Data on GT-CC (2010)"]
[]
[null,"Notes:"]
[null,"A","Low efficiency at low loads and often increased NOx emission"]
[null,"B","Limited availability of data"]
[null,"C","Power related"]
[null,"D","Based on Dry Low NOx (DLN) techniques"]
[null,"E","Technical- and design life most often > 25 years"]
[null,"F","Electrical output"]
[null,"G","CHP configuration, Including DGC assumptions"]
[null,"H","Manufacturers says down to 30 minute"]
[null,"I","No data available"]
[null,"J","Data on Cv from the 2012 version roughly adjusted for higher electricity efficiency"]
[null,"K","No known use "]
[null,"L","No Relevance for Back Pressure Lay Out"]
[null,"M","Upward regulation is typically 10 - 15 %/min, while downward regulation is > 30 % /min"]

{"sheet":"06 Gas engines, natural gas","index":11,"n_rows":57,"n_cols":13,"rows_kept":57,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[26,2,26,12],[5,3,5,6],[15,2,15,12],[21,2,21,12],[2,3,2,12],[3,7,3,8],[3,9,3,10]]}
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Back to Index"]
[]
[null,null,"Technology","06 Spark ignition engine, natural gas"]
[null,null,null,2015,2020,2030,2050,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty (2050)",null,"Note","Ref"]
[null,null,"Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper"]
[null,null,"Generating capacity for one unit (MW)","1 -10 MWe"]
[null,null,"Electricity efficiency (condensation mode for extraction plants), net (%)",46,47,48,50,40,48,44,52,"A","3, 4"]
[null,null,"Electricity efficiency (condensation mode for extraction plants), net (%), annual average",44,45,47,48,38,46,42,50,"A","3, 4, 7"]
[null,null,"Cb coefficient (50oC/100oC)",0.9,0.95,0.99,1.04,0.65,1.02,0.65,1.1499999999999999," ","3, 4, 7"]
[null,null,"Cv coefficient (50oC/100oC)","-","-","-","-","-","-","-","-","G"]
[null,null,"Forced outage (%)",3,3,3,3,2,5,2,5,null,"5, 6"]
[null,null,"Planned outage (weeks per year)",0.8,0.8,0.8,0.8,"N.A","N.A","N.A","N.A","H","5, 6"]
[null,null,"Technical lifetime (years)",25,25,25,25,25,">25",25,">25","D","4, 5, 7"]
[null,null,"Construction time (years)",1,1,1,1,0.5,1.5,0.5,1.5,"B","3, 6"]
[null,null,"Space requirement (1000m2/MW)",0.04,0.04,3.5000000000000003E-2,0.03,0.03,0.05,2.5000000000000001E-2,0.04," "]
[null,null,"Plant Dynamic Capabilities"]
[null,null,"Primary regulation (% per 30 seconds)",25,30,35,50,10,40,25,100," ",12]
[null,null,"Secondary regulation (% per minute)",25,30,40,50,20,100,25,100,"C","6, 12, 13"]
[null,null,"Minimum load (% of full load)",50,50,50,50,30,50,25,50,null,6]
[null,null,"Warm start-up time (hours)",0.05,0.05,0.05,0.05,1.4999999999999999E-2,0.15,1.4999999999999999E-2,0.15,"C","6, 10"]
[null,null,"Cold start-up time (hours)",0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.2,0.4,0.2,0.4,"E","6, 10"]
[null,null,"Environment"]
[null,null,"SO2 (degree of desulphuring, %) ",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,4]
[null,null,"NOX (g per GJ fuel) ",75,60,60,60,50,100,50,100,null,4]
[null,null,"CH4 (g per GJ fuel)",315,315,280,250,300,400,250,350,null,4]
[null,null,"N2O (g per GJ fuel)",0.6,0.6,0.6,0.6,"N.A","N.A","N.A","N.A","H"]
[null,null,"Financial data (in 2015€)                                 "]
[null,null,"Nominal investment (M€/MW)",1,0.95,0.9,0.85,0.9,1.1000000000000001,0.8,1.1000000000000001,null,"3, 5, 11"]
[null,null," - of which equipment",0.65,0.6,0.55000000000000004,0.55000000000000004,"N.A","N.A","N.A","N.A","H","3, 5"]
[null,null," - of which installation",0.35,0.35,0.35,0.3,"N.A","N.A","N.A","N.A","H","3, 5"]
[null,null,"Fixed O&M (€/MW/year)",10000,9750,9300,8500,7000,20000,6000,15000,"F",5]
[null,null,"Variable O&M (€/MWh)",5.4,5.4,5.0999999999999996,4.9000000000000004,4,12,4,10,"F","3, 5, 11"]
[]
[null,"References:"]
[null,3,"ASUE BHKW Kenndata 2014/2015"]
[null,4,"DGC Efficiency and emission test reports"]
[null,5,"DGC analysis, The gas fired cogneration sector, Bilagsrapport 9, Energiforligs analyse 2013"]
[null,6,"Features and parameters of various power plant technologies, Wartsila \"In Detail\", 02-2014 etc."]
[null,7,"Dansk Fjernvarme and FDKV reportings from CHP installations, the Dansk Fjernvarme information is from a 2012 suvey for an earlier version of the report"]
[null,8,"Ongoing Sulpur research project at DGC (MUDP)"]
[null,10,"Danish Gas Technology Centre, analysis on gas engine and gas turbine dynamics, 2013"]
[null,11,"Blockheizkraftwerke 2013, M.Buller et al, GWF Gas Erdgas, Juni 2014"]
[null,12,"Suppliers association information etc. "]
[null,13,"MAN Turbo Presentation of Gas Engine with fuel switch, 2012"]
[]
[null,"Notes:"]
[null,"A","Ref 1, 2 and 3 is used for 2015 values for 3 - 10 MWe engine, 1 MWe engine 4-5 % points less. Ref 4 & 5 is used for predictions for the future years."]
[null,"B","The construction time given is for a medium size installation; small installations can be erected in a shorter period"]
[null,"C","Engines have been build and demonstrated for short start up < 1 minute for full electrical load. This includes large engines"]
[null,"D","Technical- and design life most often > 25 years"]
[null,"E","For a medium size engine; small engines with less thermal mass might be faster"]
[null,"F","When operating 4000 hours a year"]
[null,"G","Only relevant for steam based CHP"]
[null,"H","No data available"]
[null,"I ","DGC estimate for years 2030, 2050"]
[null,"J","No known use, data from n-gas engines"]
[null,"K","Sulphur is removed in the biogas processing, according to manufactures spec. Lower values for biogas from waste water "]

{"sheet":"06 Gas engines, biogas","index":12,"n_rows":57,"n_cols":13,"rows_kept":57,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[3,9,3,10],[3,7,3,8],[2,3,2,12],[26,2,26,12],[21,2,21,12],[15,2,15,12],[5,3,5,6]]}
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Back to Index"]
[]
[null,null,"Technology","06 Spark ignition engine, biogas"]
[null,null,null,2015,2020,2030,2050,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty (2050)",null,"Note","Ref"]
[null,null,"Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper"]
[null,null,"Generating capacity for one unit (MW)","1-10 MWe"]
[null,null,"Electricity efficiency (condensation mode for extraction plants), net (%), ",42,43,45,47,38,44,42,48,"A","3, 4"]
[null,null,"Electricity efficiency (condensation mode for extraction plants), net (%), annual average",40,41,43,45,36,42,40,46,"A","3, 4, 7"]
[null,null,"Cb coefficient (50oC/100oC)",0.82,0.86,0.92,1,0.59,0.96,0.75,1.1000000000000001," ","3, 4, 7"]
[null,null,"Cv coefficient (50oC/100oC)","-","-","-","-","-","-","-","-","G"]
[null,null,"Forced outage (%)",3,3,3,3,2,5,2,5,null,"5, 6"]
[null,null,"Planned outage (weeks per year)",1,1,1,1,"N.A","N.A","N.A","N.A","H","5, 6"]
[null,null,"Technical lifetime (years)",25,25,25,25,25,">25",25,">25","D","4, 5, 7"]
[null,null,"Construction time (years)",1,1,1,1,0.5,1.5,0.5,1.5,"B","3, 6"]
[null,null,"Space requirement (1000m2/MW)",0.04,0.04,3.5000000000000003E-2,0.03,0.03,0.05,2.5000000000000001E-2,0.05]
[null,null,"Plant Dynamic Capabilities"]
[null,null,"Primary regulation (% per 30 seconds)",25,30,40,50,10,40,25,100,"J",8]
[null,null,"Secondary regulation (% per minute)",25,30,40,50,20,100,25,100,"C","6, 8, 13"]
[null,null,"Minimum load (% of full load)",50,50,50,50,30,50,25,50,null,6]
[null,null,"Warm start-up time (hours)",0.05,0.05,0.05,0.05,1.4999999999999999E-2,0.15,1.4999999999999999E-2,0.15,"C","6, 10"]
[null,null,"Cold start-up time (hours)",0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.2,0.4,0.2,0.4,"E","6, 10"]
[null,null,"Environment"]
[null,null,"SO2 (degree of desulphuring, %) ","(I)","(I)","(I)","(I)",0,99.9,0,99.9,"K",8]
[null,null,"NOX (g per GJ fuel) ",100,100,100,100,90,120,90,120,null,4]
[null,null,"CH4 (g per GJ fuel)",300,300,300,300,300,400,300,400,null,4]
[null,null,"N2O (g per GJ fuel)",1,1,1,1,"N.A","N.A","N.A","N.A","J"]
[null,null,"Financial data (in 2015€)                                 "]
[null,null,"Nominal investment (M€/MW)",1,0.95,0.9,0.85,0.8,1.2,0.8,1.2,null,"3, 5, 11"]
[null,null," - of which equipment",0.65,0.6,0.55000000000000004,0.55000000000000004,"N.A","N.A","N.A","N.A",null,"3, 5"]
[null,null," - of which installation",0.35,0.35,0.35,0.3,"N.A","N.A","N.A","N.A",null,"3, 5"]
[null,null,"Fixed O&M (€/MW/year)",10000,9750,9300,8500,7000,20000,6000,15000,"F",5]
[null,null,"Variable O&M (€/MWh)",8,7.5,7,6,6,13,4,12,"F","3, 5, 11"]
[]
[null,"References:"]
[null,3,"ASUE BHKW Kenndata 2014/2015"]
[null,4,"DGC Efficiency and emission test reports"]
[null,5,"DGC analysis, The gas fired cogneration sector, Bilagsrapport 9, Energiforligs analyse 2013"]
[null,6,"Features and parameters of various power plant technologies, Wartsila \"In Detail\", 02-2014 etc."]
[null,7,"Dansk Fjernvarme and FDKV reportings from CHP installations, the Dansk Fjernvarme information is from a 2012 suvey for an earlier version of the report"]
[null,8,"Ongoing Sulpur research project at DGC (MUDP)"]
[null,10,"Danish Gas Technology Centre, analysis on gas engine and gas turbine dynamics, 2013"]
[null,11,"Blockheizkraftwerke 2013, M.Buller et al, GWF Gas Erdgas, Juni 2014"]
[null,12,"Suppliers association information etc. "]
[null,13,"MAN Turbo Presentation of Gas Engine with fuel switch, 2012"]
[]
[null,"Notes:"]
[null,"A","Ref 1, 2 and 3 is used for 2015 values for 3 - 10 MWe engine, 1 MWe engine 4-5 % points less. Ref 4 & 5 is used for predictions for the future years."]
[null,"B","The construction time given is for a medium size installation; small installations can be erected in a shorter period"]
[null,"C","Engines have been build and demonstrated for short start up < 1 minute for full electrical load. This includes large engines"]
[null,"D","Technical- and design life most often > 25 years"]
[null,"E","For a medium size engine; small engines with less thermal mass might be faster"]
[null,"F","When operating 4000 hours a year"]
[null,"G","Only relevant for steam based CHP"]
[null,"H","No data available"]
[null,"I ","DGC estimate for years 2030, 2050"]
[null,"J","No known use, data from n-gas engines"]
[null,"K","Sulphur is removed in the biogas processing, according to manufactures spec. Lower values for biogas from waste water "]

{"sheet":"07 Carbon Capture and Storage","index":13,"n_rows":24,"n_cols":8,"rows_kept":24,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[23,1,23,7],[2,2,2,7],[4,1,4,7],[5,2,5,5],[8,1,8,7],[9,1,9,7],[15,1,15,7],[16,1,16,7],[18,1,18,7],[20,1,20,7],[21,1,21,7],[22,1,22,7]]}
[null,"07  CO2 Capture and Storage ",null,null,null,null,null,"Back to Index"]
[]
[null,"Technology","CO2 capture (post-combustion),                               pulverized coal power plant"]
[null,null,2010,2020,2030,2050,"Note","Ref"]
[null,"Energy/technical data"]
[null,"Generating capacity for one unit (MW)","500 - 740",null,null,null,null,"1+2+3+4"]
[null,"Capture efficiency (%)",90,90,90,90,"A",1]
[null,"Generation efficiency decrease (%-points)","8-10%","8-10%","8-10%","8-10%","B","1+2+3"]
[null,"Financial data"]
[null,"Capture, post-combustion"]
[null,"     Nominal investment (M€/MW)","2.3-4.3","3.07","3.00","2.86","C","1+2+3+4;2;2;2"]
[null,"     Fixed O&M (€/MW/year)","72000-87000","72000-87000","72000-87000","72000-87000","D","1+2"]
[null,"     Variable O&M (€/MWh)","3.4-4.1","3.4-4.1","3.4-4.1","3.4-4.1","D","1+2"]
[]
["References:"]
[1,"\"The Costs of CO2 Capture, Transport and Storage\", Zero Emissions Platform (ZEP), July 2011"]
[2,"\"UK Electricity Generation Costs Update\", Mott MacDonald, June 2010."]
[3,"\"Energy Technology Perspectives\", IEA 2010"]
[4,"\"ProjectCosts of generating Electricity\", IEA & NEA, 2010"]
["Notes:"]
["A","The non-captured CO2 is released into the atmosphere."]
["B","Some of the electricity consumption may be regained as useful heat. The displayed efficiency decreases do most probably take the usage of heat into account."]
["C","The nominal investment is per net generating capacity, i.e. after deducting the power consumed for CO2 capture. If you compare  two power plants, with CCS (this element) and without CCS (element 01), and with the same net power generating capacity, the difference in nominal investment (e.g. 3.07-2.03 = 1.04 M€/MW in 2020) is the value of the capture equipment. If CO2 capture is added on to an existing power plant, the loss in generating capacity shall be taken into account."]
["D","The O&M costs are per net generating capacity and net generation, i.e. after deducting the power consumer for CO2 capture."]

{"sheet":"08 WtE CHP, Large","index":14,"n_rows":78,"n_cols":12,"rows_kept":78,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[2,2,2,11],[3,6,3,7],[3,8,3,9],[19,1,19,11],[25,1,25,11],[31,1,31,11],[37,1,37,11],[52,1,52,11],[53,1,53,11],[55,1,55,11],[59,1,59,11],[64,1,64,11],[65,1,65,11],[66,1,66,11],[69,1,69,11],[75,1,75,12],[76,1,76,11],[77,1,77,11],[70,1,70,11],[71,1,71,11],[72,1,72,12],[73,1,73,12],[74,1,74,12]]}
[null,"Large Waste to Energy",null,null,null,null,null,"Back to Index"]
[]
[null,"Technology","08 Large Waste to Energy CHP, Back pressure turbine, 220 MW feed"]
[null,null,2015,2020,2030,2050,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty (2050)",null,"Note","Ref"]
[null,"Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper"]
[null,"Generating capacity for one unit (MWe)",51.2,51.2,52.5,54.4,47.2,55.7,47.2,59.8,"A, B"]
[null,"Incineration capacity (Fuel input) (tonnes/h)",74.7,74.7,74.7,74.7,74.7,74.7,74.7,74.7,"A, B"]
[null,"Electricity efficiency, net (%), name plate",23.3,23.3,23.9,24.7,21,25,21,27,"A, B"]
[null,"Electricity efficiency, net (%), annual average",22.1,22.1,22.7,23.5,19,24,19,26,"A, B,C"]
[null,"Heat efficiency, net (%), name plate",78.099999999999994,78.099999999999994,77.8,77.400000000000006,75,83,71,85,"A, B"]
[null,"Heat efficiency, net (%), annual average",79.3,79.3,79,78.7,77,84,73,86,"A, B, C"]
[null,"Additional heat potential with heat pumps (% of thermal input)",4.0999999999999996,4.0999999999999996,4,3.7,2,5,2,5,"A, B, D"]
[null,"Cb coefficient (40°C/80°C)",0.3,0.3,0.31,0.32,0.27,0.32,0.28000000000000003,0.35,"A, B"]
[null,"Cv coefficient (40°C/80°C)",1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,"A, B"]
[null,"Forced outage (%)",1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,null,1]
[null,"Planned outage (weeks per year)",2.5,2.4,2.2000000000000002,1.8,2,2.7,1.3,2.2000000000000002,"E",1]
[null,"Technical lifetime (years)",25,25,25,25,20,35,20,35,null,1]
[null,"Construction time (years)",3,3,3,3,2.5,3.5,2,3.5,null,1]
[null,"Space requirement (1000 m2/MWe)",0.8,0.8,0.8,0.7,0.7,0.9,0.6,0.9,null,1]
[null,""]
[null,"Primary regulation (% per 30 seconds)",5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,"F"]
[null,"Secondary regulation (% per minute)",10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,"F, G"]
[null,"Minimum load (% of full load)",20,20,20,20,20,20,20,20,"F, G"]
[null,"Warm start-up time (hours)",0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,"F, G"]
[null,"Cold start-up time (hours)",2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,"F, G"]
[null,"Environment"]
[null,"SO2 (degree of desulphuring, %) ",99.8,99.8,99.8,99.8,99,99.9,99.5,99.9,"H",1]
[null,"NOX (g per GJ fuel) ",90,56,17,11,11,84,5,56,"I","2;3"]
[null,"CH4 (g per GJ fuel)",0.3,0.1,0.1,null,0,0.1,0,0.1,null,2]
[null,"N2O (g per GJ fuel)",1.2,1,1,1,1,3,0,1,"J",2]
[null,"Particles (g per GJ fuel)",0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.1,2,0.1,1,"J",2]
[null,"Financial data                                 "]
[null,"Nominal investment (M€/MWe) ",8,7.8,7.4,6.5,6.7,9.1999999999999993,4.8,8.1,"N",1]
[null," - of which equipment",4.8,4.7,4.5999999999999996,4,4,5.6,2.9,5,"N",1]
[null," - of which installation",3.2,3.1,2.9,2.5,2.6,3.6,1.9,3.2,"M",1]
[null,"Fixed O&M (€/MWe/year)",231700,188300,175600,149600,173900,202400,126500,169300,"L",1]
[null,"Variable O&M (€/MWh_e) ",24.8,24.8,24.2,23.3,21.1,28.5,17.5,29.2,"K",1]
[null,"Technology specific data"]
[null,"Steam reheat","None","None","None","None","None","None","None","None"]
[null,"Flue gas condensation","Yes","Yes","Yes","Yes","Yes","Yes","Yes","Yes"]
[null,"Combustion air humidification","No","No","No","No","No","Yes","No","Yes"]
[null,"Nominal investment (M€/MW fuel input)",1.87,1.83,1.78,1.61,1.55,2.14,1.18,2,"N",1]
[null," - of which equipment",1.1299999999999999,1.1000000000000001,1.0900000000000001,0.99,0.94,1.31,0.71,1.22,"N",1]
[null," - of which installation",0.74,0.72,0.69,0.62,0.62,0.83,0.47,0.78,"M",1]
[null,"Fixed O&M (€/MW input/year)",54000,43900,41900,37000,37300,51300,27100,46000,"L",1]
[null,"Variable O&M (€/MWh input)",5.8,5.8,5.8,5.8,4.9000000000000004,6.6,4.3,7.2,"K",1]
[null,"Nominal investment (€/(tonne/year))",689,672,654,593,571,788,434,738,"N",1]
[null,"Fixed O&M (€/tonne)",20,16,15,14,14,19,10,17,"L","1;4"]
[null,"Variable O&M (€/tonne)",17,17,17,17,14,20,13,21,"K","1;4"]
[]
[]
["References:"]
[1,"Rambøll present work, range of WtE-projects"]
[2,"Emission factors of 2006: 102 g/GJ NOx, <8,3 g/GJ for SO2, <0,34 g/GJ for CH4, 1,2 g/GJ for N2O, cf."]
[null,"Nielsen, M., Nielsen, O.-K. & Thomsen, M. 2010: Emissions from decentralised CHP plants"]
[null,"2007 - Energinet.dk Environmental project no. 07/1882. Project report 5 – Emission factors and"]
[null,"emission inventory for decentralised CHP production. National Environmental Research Institute,"]
[null,"Aarhus University. 113 pp. – NERI Technical report No. 786."]
[null,"http://www.dmu.dk/Pub/FR786.pdf."]
[3,"Environmental permit of recently constructed WtE-facility includes NOx limit value of 180 mg/Nm³ =100 g/GJ. Operation is expected well below limit value.  Cf. Miljøstyrelsen, \"Tillæg til miljøgodkendelse, Ny ovnlinje 5 på Nordforbrænding, Juni 2013,\" "]
[null,"http://mst.dk/media/mst/Attachments/Tillgtilmiljgodkendelseovn5Juni2013.pdf"]
[4,"To scenarier for tilpasning af affaldsforbrændingskapaciteten i Danmark. EA Energianalyse 2014."]
[]
["Notes:"]
["A","Assumed lower heating value 10.6 MJ/kg, waste input 74.7 tph = tonnes per hour (incineration capacity) divided in two, equally sized furnace/boiler units , corresponding to thermal input of 2x110 MW. One common turbine/generator set is foreseen. Live steam pressure in base case 50 bara, temperature 425 °C of 2015 and 2020, increasing to 440 °C and 450 °C, in 2030 and 2050, respectively. Efficiencies refer to lower heating value."]
["B","With flue gas condensation (condensation through heat exchange with DH-water, only) and a back-pressure turbine/condenser system optimised for DH return temperature 40°C and flow 80°C."]
["C","Annual average heat output is higher than nameplate because the total efficiency is constant, and the annual average electricity  generation is lower than nameplate electricity  output. The parasitic electricity consumption has been subtracted in the listed electricity efficiencies."]
["D","Additional heat potential for heat pump is the flue gas condensation potential remaining after the direct condensation stage (condensation by heat exchange with DH-water)."]
["E ","Focus on availability and ambitions of 2 years' continuous operation is expected to gradually reduce planned outage."]
["F ","Regulation and start-up refer to electricity  generation controlled by the turbine operation.The WtE facility would usually be operating at 100% thermal input, and the electricity  output is controlled to the desired level by use of turbine by-pass, by which excess steam is used to produce DH-energy. Warm start-up time refers to 2 days down-time of the turbine."]
["G","The combustion process and boiler may be regulated approx. 1% per minute considering extensive use of inconell (in stead of refractory, which may limit rate of change to 0.5% per minute). Minimum load is typically 70% of thermal input under which limit it may be difficult to comply with the requirement of min. 2 sec residence time of the flue gas at min. 850 °C after the last air injection. Below this limit it may also be a challenge to ensure sufficient superheating of the steam. Warm start-up of the combustion process is typically 8 hours and cold start-up is 8 hours."]
["H","Assumed low SO2-emission 1 g/GJ in 2015  considering the use of flue gas condensation by wet scrubbing down-stream the flue gas treatment system. Sulphur content in fuel 270 g/GJ."]
["I","Increased focus on NOx reduction is expected in the future, requiring use of SNCR technology to its utmost potential by 2030 (at 60 g/GJ) and use of the more effective catalytic SCR-technology by 2050. The SCR-technology entails additional investment."]
["J","N2O is expected to be related primarily to the use of SNCR. This is why little N2O is expected when the SCR-deNOx technology is used (indicated by verly low NOx-level). "]
["K","Variable O&M cost includes consumables (for FGT etc.), disposal of residues, small share of staff-cost and maintenance cost. Electricity  consumption is not included, and revenues from sale of electricity  and heat are not included. Taxes are not included."]
["L","Fixed O&M include amongst other things the major part of staffing and maintenance, analyses, research and development, accounting, insurances, fees, memberships, office. Not included are finance cost, depreciation and amortisation."]
["M","Installation includes civils works (including waste bunker) and project cost considering LOT-based tendering."]
["N","Assuming LOT-based tendering of electromechanic equipment."]

{"sheet":"08 WtE CHP, Medium","index":15,"n_rows":78,"n_cols":12,"rows_kept":78,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[2,2,2,11],[3,6,3,7],[3,8,3,9],[19,1,19,11],[25,1,25,11],[31,1,31,11],[37,1,37,11],[52,1,52,11],[53,1,53,11],[55,1,55,11],[59,1,59,11],[64,1,64,11],[65,1,65,11],[66,1,66,11],[69,1,69,11],[75,1,75,12],[76,1,76,11],[77,1,77,11],[70,1,70,11],[71,1,71,11],[72,1,72,12],[73,1,73,12],[74,1,74,12]]}
[null,"Medium Waste to Energy",null,null,null,null,null,"Back to Index"]
[]
[null,"Technology","08 Medium Waste to Energy CHP, Back pressure turbine, 80 MW feed"]
[null,null,2015,2020,2030,2050,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty (2050)",null,"Note","Ref"]
[null,"Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper"]
[null,"Generating capacity for one unit (MWe)",18.399999999999999,18.399999999999999,18.899999999999999,19.5,17,20,17,21.4,"A, B"]
[null,"Incineration capacity (Fuel input) (tonnes/h)",27.2,27.2,27.2,27.2,27.2,27.2,27.2,27.2,"A, B"]
[null,"Electricity efficiency, net (%), name plate",23,23,23.6,24.4,21,25,21,27,"A, B,C"]
[null,"Electricity efficiency, net (%), annual average",21.9,21.9,22.4,23.2,19,24,19,25,"A, B,C"]
[null,"Heat efficiency, net (%), name plate",78,78,77.7,77.3,75,83,71,85,"A, B"]
[null,"Heat efficiency, net (%), annual average",79.099999999999994,79.099999999999994,78.900000000000006,78.599999999999994,77,84,73,86,"A, B, C"]
[null,"Additional heat potential with heat pumps (% of thermal input)",4.0999999999999996,4.0999999999999996,4,3.7,2,5,2,5,"A, B, D"]
[null,"Cb coefficient (40°C/80°C)",0.3,0.3,0.3,0.32,0.27,0.32,0.27,0.35,"A, B"]
[null,"Cv coefficient (40°C/80°C)",1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,"A, B"]
[null,"Forced outage (%)",1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,null,1]
[null,"Planned outage (weeks per year)",3,2.9,2.6,2.1,2.4,3.3,1.6,2.6,"E",1]
[null,"Technical lifetime (years)",25,25,25,25,20,35,20,35,null,1]
[null,"Construction time (years)",2.5,2.5,2.5,2.5,2,3,1.5,3,null,1]
[null,"Space requirement (1000 m2/MWe)",1.6,1.6,1.6,1.5,1.4,1.9,1.2,1.9,null,1]
[null,""]
[null,"Primary regulation (% per 30 seconds)",5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,"F"]
[null,"Secondary regulation (% per minute)",10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,"F, G"]
[null,"Minimum load (% of full load)",20,20,20,20,20,20,20,20,"F, G"]
[null,"Warm start-up time (hours)",0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,"F, G"]
[null,"Cold start-up time (hours)",2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,"F, G"]
[null,"Environment"]
[null,"SO2 (degree of desulphuring, %) ",99.8,99.8,99.8,99.8,99,99.9,99.5,99.9,"H",1]
[null,"NOX (g per GJ fuel) ",90,56,45,11,11,84,5,56,"I","2;3"]
[null,"CH4 (g per GJ fuel)",0.3,0.1,0.1,0.1,0,0.1,0,0.1,null,2]
[null,"N2O (g per GJ fuel)",1.2,1,1,1,1,3,0,1,"J",2]
[null,"Particles (g per GJ fuel)",0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.1,2,0.1,1,"J",2]
[null,"Financial data                                 "]
[null,"Nominal investment (M€/MWe) ",9.3000000000000007,9.1,8.6999999999999993,7.6,7.7,10.7,5.5,9.5,"N",1]
[null," - of which equipment",5.7,5.5,5.4,4.7,4.7,6.6,3.4,5.8,"N",1]
[null," - of which installation",3.7,3.6,3.3,2.9,3,4.0999999999999996,2.2000000000000002,3.6,"M",1]
[null,"Fixed O&M (€/MWe/year)",300700,264800,246700,210600,244200,284600,178000,239500,"L",1]
[null,"Variable O&M (€/MWh_e) ",25,25,24.5,23.7,21.3,28.8,17.7,29.6,"K",1]
[null,"Technology specific data"]
[null,"Steam reheat","None","None","None","None","None","None","None","None"]
[null,"Flue gas condensation","Yes","Yes","Yes","Yes","Yes","Yes","Yes","Yes"]
[null,"Combustion air humidification","No","No","No","No","No","Yes","No","Yes"]
[null,"Nominal investment (M€/MW fuel input)",2.15,2.1,2.0499999999999998,1.86,1.78,2.46,1.35,2.31,"N",1]
[null," - of which equipment",1.31,1.28,1.26,1.1499999999999999,1.08,1.52,0.82,1.42,"N",1]
[null," - of which installation",0.84,0.82,0.78,0.71,0.7,0.95,0.53,0.88,"M",1]
[null,"Fixed O&M (€/MW input/year)",69300,61000,58200,51400,51900,71200,37800,64000,"L",1]
[null,"Variable O&M (€/MWh input)",5.8,5.8,5.8,5.8,4.9000000000000004,6.6,4.3,7.2,"K",1]
[null,"Nominal investment (€/(tonne/year))",792,773,753,683,657,907,499,849,"N",1]
[null,"Fixed O&M (€/tonne)",26,22,21,19,19,26,14,24,"L","1;4"]
[null,"Variable O&M (€/tonne)",17,17,17,17,14,20,13,21,"K","1;4"]
[]
[]
["References:"]
[1,"Rambøll present work, range of WtE-projects"]
[2,"Emission factors of 2006: 102 g/GJ NOx, <8,3 g/GJ for SO2, <0,34 g/GJ for CH4, 1,2 g/GJ for N2O, cf."]
[null,"Nielsen, M., Nielsen, O.-K. & Thomsen, M. 2010: Emissions from decentralised CHP plants"]
[null,"2007 - Energinet.dk Environmental project no. 07/1882. Project report 5 – Emission factors and"]
[null,"emission inventory for decentralised CHP production. National Environmental Research Institute,"]
[null,"Aarhus University. 113 pp. – NERI Technical report No. 786."]
[null,"http://www.dmu.dk/Pub/FR786.pdf."]
[3,"Environmental permit of recently constructed WtE-facility includes NOx limit value of 180 mg/Nm³ =100 g/GJ. Operation is expected well below limit value.  Cf. Miljøstyrelsen, \"Tillæg til miljøgodkendelse, Ny ovnlinje 5 på Nordforbrænding, Juni 2013,\" "]
[null,"http://mst.dk/media/mst/Attachments/Tillgtilmiljgodkendelseovn5Juni2013.pdf"]
[4,"To scenarier for tilpasning af affaldsforbrændingskapaciteten i Danmark. EA Energianalyse 2014."]
[]
["Notes:"]
["A","Assumed lower heating value 10.6 MJ/kg, waste input 27.2 tph = tonnes per hour (incineration capacity), corresponding to thermal input of 80 MW. Live steam pressure in base case 50 bara, temperature 425 °C of 2015 and 2020, increasing to 440 °C and 450 °C, in 2030 and 2050, restpectively. Efficiencies refer to lower heating value."]
["B","With flue gas condensation (condensation through heat exchange with DH-water, only) and a back-pressure turbine/condenser system optimised for DH return temperature 40°C and flow 80°C"]
["C","Annual average heat output is higher than nameplate because the total efficiency is constant, and the annual average electricity  generation is lower than nameplate electricity  output.  The parasitic electricity consumption has been subtracted in the listed electricity efficiencies."]
["D","Additional heat potential for heat pump is the flue gas condensation potential remaining after the direct condensation stage (condensation by heat exchange with DH-water)"]
["E ","Focus on availability and ambitions of 2 years' continuous operation is expected to gradually reduce planned outage."]
["F ","Regulation and start-up refer to electricity  generation controlled by the turbine operation.The WtE facility would usually be operating at 100% thermal input, and the electricity  output is controlled to the desired level by use of turbine by-pass, by which excess steam is used to produce DH-energy. Warm start-up time refers to 2 days down-time of the turbine."]
["G","The combustion process and boiler may be regulated approx. 1% per minute considering extensive use of inconell (in stead of refractory, which may limit rate of change to 0.5% per minute). Minimum load is typically 70% of thermal input under which limit it may be difficult to comply with the requirement of min. 2 sec residence time of the flue gas at min. 850 °C after the last air injection. Below this limit it may also be a challenge to ensure sufficient superheating of the steam. Warm start-up of the combustion process is typically 8 hours and cold start-up is 8 hours."]
["H","Assumed low SO2-emission 1 g/GJ in 2015  considering the use of flue gas condensation by wet scrubbing down-stream the flue gas treatment system. Sulphur content in fuel 270 g/GJ."]
["I","Increased focus on NOx reduction is expected in the future, requiring use of SNCR technology to its utmost potential by 2030 (at 60 g/GJ) and use of the more effective catalytic SCR-technology by 2050. The SCR-technology entails additional investment."]
["J","N2O is expected to be related primarily to the use of SNCR. This is why little N2O is expected when the SCR-deNOx technology is used (indicated by verly low NOx-level). "]
["K","Variable O&M cost includes consumables (for FGT etc.), disposal of residues, small share of staff-cost and maintenance cost. Electricity  consumption is not included, and revenues from sale of electricity  and heat are not included. Taxes are not included."]
["L","Fixed O&M include amongst other things the major part of staffing and maintenance, analyses, research and development, accounting, insurances, fees, memberships, office. Not included are finance cost, depreciation and amortisation."]
["M","Installation includes civils works (including waste bunker) and project cost considering LOT-based tendering"]
["N","Assuming LOT-based tendering of electromechanic equipment"]

{"sheet":"08 WtE CHP, Small","index":16,"n_rows":78,"n_cols":12,"rows_kept":78,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[31,1,31,11],[2,2,2,11],[3,6,3,7],[3,8,3,9],[19,9,19,11],[25,1,25,11],[72,1,72,11],[37,1,37,11],[52,1,52,11],[53,1,53,11],[55,1,55,11],[59,1,59,11],[64,1,64,11],[65,1,65,11],[66,1,66,11],[69,1,69,11],[70,1,70,11],[71,1,71,11],[73,1,73,12],[74,1,74,12],[75,1,75,12],[76,1,76,11],[77,1,77,11]]}
[null,"Small Waste to Energy ",null,null,null,null,null,"Back to Index"]
[]
[null,"Technology","08 Small Waste to Energy CHP, Back pressure turbine, 35 MW feed"]
[null,null,2015,2020,2030,2050,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty (2050)",null,"Note","Ref"]
[null,"Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper"]
[null,"Generating capacity for one unit (MWe)",7.9,7.9,8.1999999999999993,8.3000000000000007,7.3,8.5,7.3,9.1,"A, B"]
[null,"Incineration capacity (Fuel input) (tonnes/h)",11.9,11.9,11.9,11.9,11.9,11.9,11.9,11.9,"A, B"]
[null,"Electricity efficiency, net (%), name plate",22.6,22.6,23.5,23.7,20.9,24.3,20.9,25.9,"A, B,C"]
[null,"Electricity efficiency, net (%), annual average",21.4,21.4,22.3,22.5,18.8,23.1,18.8,24.6,"A, B,C"]
[null,"Heat efficiency, net (%), name plate",78.5,78.5,77.8,78.599999999999994,75.5,82.8,72.3,84.5,"A, B"]
[null,"Heat efficiency, net (%), annual average",79.599999999999994,79.599999999999994,79,79.8,77.599999999999994,84.1,74.400000000000006,85.8,"A, B, C"]
[null,"Additional heat potential with heat pumps (% of thermal input)",4.0999999999999996,4.0999999999999996,4,3.8,2,5.0999999999999996,1.9,5.0999999999999996,"A, B, D"]
[null,"Cb coefficient (40°C/80°C)",0.28999999999999998,0.28999999999999998,0.3,0.3,0.27,0.31,0.27,0.33,"A, B"]
[null,"Cv coefficient (40°C/80°C)",1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,"A, B"]
[null,"Forced outage (%)",1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,null,1]
[null,"Planned outage (weeks per year)",3.5,3.3,3,2.5,2.8,3.8,1.8,3.1,"E",1]
[null,"Technical lifetime (years)",25,25,25,25,20,35,20,35,null,1]
[null,"Construction time (years)",2.5,2.5,2.5,2.5,2,3,1.5,3,null,1]
[null,"Space requirement (1000 m2/MWe)",2.5,2.5,2.4,2.4,2.2000000000000002,2.9,1.8,3,null,1]
[null,""]
[null,"Primary regulation (% per 30 seconds)","NA","NA","NA","NA","NA","NA","NA","NA","F"]
[null,"Secondary regulation (% per minute)",10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,"F, G"]
[null,"Minimum load (% of full load)",20,20,20,20,20,20,20,20,"F, G"]
[null,"Warm start-up time (hours)",0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,"F, G"]
[null,"Cold start-up time (hours)",2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,"F, G"]
[null,"Environment"]
[null,"SO2 (degree of desulphuring, %) ",99.8,99.8,99.8,99.8,99,99.9,99.5,99.9,"H",1]
[null,"NOX (g per GJ fuel) ",90,67,56,22,11,84,5,56,"I","2;3"]
[null,"CH4 (g per GJ fuel)",0.3,0.1,0.1,0.1,0,0.1,0,0.1,null,2]
[null,"N2O (g per GJ fuel)",1.2,1,1,1,1,3,0,1,"J",2]
[null,"Particles (g per GJ fuel)",0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.1,2,0.1,1,"J",2]
[null,"Financial data                                 "]
[null,"Nominal investment (M€/MWe) ",10.7,10.5,9.6,8.8000000000000007,8.9,12.3,6.4,11,"N",1]
[null," - of which equipment",6.7,6.5,6,5.6,5.5,7.7,4,6.9,"N",1]
[null," - of which installation",4.0999999999999996,4,3.6,3.2,3.4,4.5,2.4,4.0999999999999996,"M",1]
[null,"Fixed O&M (€/MWe/year)",427800,413600,372400,329500,380500,446700,276500,375600,"L",1]
[null,"Variable O&M (€/MWh_e) ",25.6,25.6,24.6,24.4,21.7,29.4,18.3,30.5,"K",1]
[null,"Technology specific data"]
[null,"Steam reheat","None","None","None","None","None","None","None","None"]
[null,"Flue gas condensation","Yes","Yes","Yes","Yes","Yes","Yes","Yes","Yes"]
[null,"Combustion air humidification","No","No","No","No","No","Yes","No","Yes"]
[null,"Nominal investment (M€/MW fuel input)",2.42,2.36,2.25,2.09,2.0099999999999998,2.77,1.52,2.6,"N",1]
[null," - of which equipment",1.92,1.47,1.4,1.32,1.25,1.75,0.95,1.64,"N",1]
[null," - of which installation",1.17,0.89,0.85,0.77,0.76,1.03,0.57999999999999996,0.96,"M",1]
[null,"Fixed O&M (€/MW input/year)",96500,93400,87400,78100,79400,108500,57700,97300,"L",1]
[null,"Variable O&M (€/MWh input)",5.8,5.8,5.8,5.8,4.9000000000000004,6.6,4.3,7.2,"K",1]
[null,"Nominal investment (€/(tonne/year))",891,869,827,770,739,1021,561,957,"N",1]
[null,"Fixed O&M (€/tonne)",36,34,32,29,29,40,21,36,"L","1;4"]
[null,"Variable O&M (€/tonne)",17,17,17,17,14,20,13,21,"K","1;4"]
[]
[]
["References:"]
[1,"Rambøll present work, range of WtE-projects"]
[2,"Emission factors of 2006: 102 g/GJ NOx, <8,3 g/GJ for SO2, <0,34 g/GJ for CH4, 1,2 g/GJ for N2O, cf."]
[null,"Nielsen, M., Nielsen, O.-K. & Thomsen, M. 2010: Emissions from decentralised CHP plants"]
[null,"2007 - Energinet.dk Environmental project no. 07/1882. Project report 5 – Emission factors and"]
[null,"emission inventory for decentralised CHP production. National Environmental Research Institute,"]
[null,"Aarhus University. 113 pp. – NERI Technical report No. 786."]
[null,"http://www.dmu.dk/Pub/FR786.pdf."]
[3,"Environmental permit of recently constructed WtE-facility includes NOx limit value of 180 mg/Nm³ =100 g/GJ. Operation is expected well below limit value.  Cf. Miljøstyrelsen, \"Tillæg til miljøgodkendelse, Ny ovnlinje 5 på Nordforbrænding, Juni 2013,\" "]
[null,"http://mst.dk/media/mst/Attachments/Tillgtilmiljgodkendelseovn5Juni2013.pdf"]
[4,"To scenarier for tilpasning af affaldsforbrændingskapaciteten i Danmark. EA Energianalyse 2014."]
[]
["Notes:"]
["A","Assumed lower heating value 10.6 MJ/kg, waste input 11.9 tph = tonnes per hour (incineration capacity), corresponding to thermal input of 35 MW. Live steam pressure in base case 50 bara, temperature 425 °C of 2015 and 2020, increasing to 440 °C and 450 °C, in 2030 and 2050, respectively. Efficiencies refer to lower heating value."]
["B","With flue gas condensation (condensation through heat exchange with DH-water, only) and a back-pressure turbine/condenser system optimised for DH return temperature 40°C and flow 80°C"]
["C","Annual average heat output is higher than nameplate because the total efficiency is constant, and the annual average electricity  generation is lower than nameplate electricity  output. The parasitic electricity consumption has been subtracted in the listed electricity efficiencies."]
["D","Additional heat potential for heat pump is the flue gas condensation potential remaining after the direct condensation stage (condensation by heat exchange with DH-water)"]
["E ","Focus on availability and ambitions of 2 years' continuous operation is expected to gradually reduce planned outage."]
["F ","Regulation and start-up refer to electricity  generation controlled by the turbine operation.The WtE facility would usually be operating at 100% thermal input, and the electricity  output is controlled to the desired level by use of turbine by-pass, by which excess steam is used to produce DH-energy. Warm start-up time refers to 2 days down-time of the turbine."]
["G","The combustion process and boiler may be regulated approx. 1% per minute considering extensive use of inconell (in stead of refractory, which may limit rate of change to 0.5% per minute). Minimum load is typically 70% of thermal input under which limit it may be difficult to comply with the requirement of min. 2 sec residence time of the flue gas at min. 850 °C after the last air injection. Below this limit it may also be a challenge to ensure sufficient superheating of the steam. Warm start-up of the combustion process is typically 8 hours and cold start-up is 8 hours."]
["H","Assumed low SO2-emission 1 g/GJ in 2015  considering the use of flue gas condensation by wet scrubbing down-stream the flue gas treatment system. Sulphur content in fuel 270 g/GJ."]
["I","Increased focus on NOx reduction is expected in the future, requiring use of SNCR technology to its utmost potential by 2030 (at 60 g/GJ) and use of the more effective catalytic SCR-technology by 2050. The SCR-technology entails additional investment."]
["J","N2O is expected to be related primarily to the use of SNCR. This is why little N2O is expected when the SCR-deNOx technology is used (indicated by verly low NOx-level). "]
["K","Variable O&M cost includes consumables (for FGT etc.), disposal of residues, small share of staff-cost and maintenance cost. Electricity  consumption is not included, and revenues from sale of electricity  and heat are not included. Taxes are not included."]
["L","Fixed O&M include amongst other things the major part of staffing and maintenance, analyses, research and development, accounting, insurances, fees, memberships, office. Not included are finance cost, depreciation and amortisation."]
["M","Installation includes civils works (including waste bunker) and project cost considering LOT-based tendering"]
["N","Assuming LOT-based tendering of electromechanic equipment"]

{"sheet":"08 WtE HOP","index":17,"n_rows":76,"n_cols":12,"rows_kept":76,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[62,1,62,11],[2,2,2,11],[3,6,3,7],[3,8,3,9],[16,1,16,11],[22,1,22,11],[28,1,28,11],[34,1,34,11],[49,1,49,11],[50,1,50,11],[56,1,56,11],[61,1,61,11],[71,1,71,12],[72,1,72,12],[73,1,73,11],[74,1,74,11],[63,1,63,11],[66,1,66,11],[67,1,67,11],[68,1,68,11],[69,1,69,12],[70,1,70,12]]}
[null,"Technology ",null,null,null,null,null,"Back to Index"]
[]
[null,"Technology","WtE, HOP, 35 MW feed"]
[null,null,2015,2020,2030,2050,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty (2050)",null,"Note","Ref"]
[null,"Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper"]
[null,"Heat generation capacity for one unit (MW)",36.6,36.6,36.700000000000003,36.9,36.299999999999997,37.5,36.299999999999997,37.700000000000003,"A, B"]
[null,"Incineration capacity (Fuel input) (tonnes/h)",11.9,11.9,11.9,11.9,11.9,11.9,11.9,11.9,"A, B"]
[null,"Total heat efficiency, net (%), ref. LHV, name plate",104.7,104.7,105,105.5,104,107,104,108,"A, B, C"]
[null,"Total heat efficiency , net (%), ref. LHV, annual average",104.7,104.7,105,105.5,104,107,104,108,"A, B, C"]
[null,"Additional heat potential with heat pumps (% of thermal input)",4.0999999999999996,4.0999999999999996,4,3.7,2,5,2,5,"A, B, D"]
[null,"Auxiliary electricity consumption (% of heat gen)",2.6,2.6,2.6,2.5,2,2.7,1.6,2.6,"A, B, C"]
[null,"Forced outage (%)",1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,null,1]
[null,"Planned outage (weeks per year)",3,2.9,2.6,2.1,2.4,3.3,1.6,2.6,"E",1]
[null,"Technical lifetime (years)",25,25,25,25,20,35,20,35,null,1]
[null,"Construction time (years)",2,2,2,2,1.5,2.5,1.5,2.5,null,1]
[null,"Space requirement (1000 m2/MWth heat output)",0.55000000000000004,0.55000000000000004,0.54,0.54,0.46,0.63,0.41,0.68,null,1]
[null,""]
[null,"Primary regulation (% per 30 seconds)","NA","NA","NA","NA","NA","NA","NA","NA","F"]
[null,"Secondary regulation (% per minute)",1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,"F, G"]
[null,"Minimum load (% of full load)",70,70,70,70,70,70,70,70,"F, G"]
[null,"Warm start-up time (hours)",8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,"F, G"]
[null,"Cold start-up time (hours)",12,12,12,12,12,12,12,12,"F, G"]
[null,"Environment"]
[null,"SO2 (degree of desulphuring, %) ",99.8,99.8,99.8,99.8,99,99.9,99.5,99.9,"H",1]
[null,"NOX (g per GJ fuel) ",90,67,56,22,11,84,5,56,"I","2;3"]
[null,"CH4 (g per GJ fuel)",0.3,0.1,0.1,0.1,0,0.1,0,0.1,null,2]
[null,"N2O (g per GJ fuel)",1.2,1,1,1,1,3,0,1,"J",2]
[null,"Particles (g per GJ fuel)",0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.1,2,0.1,1,"J",2]
[null,"Financial data                                 "]
[null,"Nominal investment (M€/MWth - heat output) ",1.8,1.75,1.66,1.55,1.53,2.12,1.24,2.13,"P"]
[null," - of which equipment",1.03,1.01,0.96,0.92,0.88,1.24,0.71,1.24,"P"]
[null," - of which installation",0.77,0.75,0.71,0.64,0.65,0.88,0.53,0.88,"P"]
[null,"Fixed O&M (€/MWth/year), heat output",81300,78600,73300,65300,68000,90100,50700,82500,"P"]
[null,"Variable O&M (€/MWh) heat output",5.5,5.5,5.5,5.5,4.7,6.3,4.0999999999999996,6.8,"P"]
[null,"Technology specific data"]
[null,"Flue gas condensation","Yes","Yes","Yes","Yes","Yes","Yes","Yes","Yes","N"]
[null,"Combustion air humidification","No","No","No","No","No","Yes","No","Yes","N"]
[null,"Nominal investment (M€/MW fuel input)",1.88,1.84,1.75,1.64,1.6,2.2200000000000002,1.31,2.2400000000000002,"N",1]
[null," - of which equipment",1.08,1.05,1,0.97,0.92,1.3,0.75,1.31,"N",1]
[null," - of which installation",0.8,0.78,0.74,0.67,0.68,0.92,0.56000000000000005,0.93,"M",1]
[null,"Fixed O&M (€/MW input/year)",85200,82300,77000,68800,70500,96600,52600,88800,"L",1]
[null,"Variable O&M (€/MWh input)",7.4,7.6,8.4,8.6999999999999993,6.2,8.5,6.1,10.3]
[null," - of which is electricity costs (€/MWh)",1.6,1.8,2.6,2.9,1.3,1.9,1.8,3.1,"C"]
[null," - of which is other O&M costs (€/MWh)",5.8,5.8,5.8,5.8,4.9000000000000004,6.6,4.3,7.2,"K",1]
[null,"Nominal investment (€/(tonne/year))",693,676,643,604,589,819,482,826,"N",1]
[null,"Fixed O&M (€/tonne)",31,30,28,25,26,36,19,33,"L","1;4"]
[null,"Variable O&M (€/tonne)",17,17,17,17,14,20,13,21,"K","1;4"]
[]
["References:"]
[1,"Rambøll present work, range of WtE-projects"]
[2,"Emission factors of 2006: 102 g/GJ NOx, <8,3 g/GJ for SO2, <0,34 g/GJ for CH4, 1,2 g/GJ for N2O, cf."]
[null,"Nielsen, M., Nielsen, O.-K. & Thomsen, M. 2010: Emissions from decentralised CHP plants"]
[null,"2007 - Energinet.dk Environmental project no. 07/1882. Project report 5 – Emission factors and"]
[null,"emission inventory for decentralised CHP production. National Environmental Research Institute,"]
[null,"Aarhus University. 113 pp. – NERI Technical report No. 786."]
[null,"http://www.dmu.dk/Pub/FR786.pdf."]
[3,"Environmental permit of recently constructed WtE-facility includes NOx limit value of 180 mg/Nm³ =100 g/GJ. Operation is expected well below limit value.  Cf. Miljøstyrelsen, \"Tillæg til miljøgodkendelse, Ny ovnlinje 5 på Nordforbrænding, Juni 2013,\" "]
[null,"http://mst.dk/media/mst/Attachments/Tillgtilmiljgodkendelseovn5Juni2013.pdf"]
[4,"To scenarier for tilpasning af affaldsforbrændingskapaciteten i Danmark. EA Energianalyse 2014."]
[]
["Notes:"]
["A","Assumed lower heating value 10.6 MJ/kg, waste input 11.9 tph = tonnes per hour (incineration capacity), corresponding to thermal input of 35 MW. Efficiencies refer to lower heating value."]
["B","With flue gas condensation (condensation through heat exchange with DH-water, only),  DH return temperature 40°C and flow 80°C"]
["C","The stated total efficiency does NOT consider auxiliary electricity consumption. It describes the total net amount of heat produced at the plant. This is contrary to CHP where the auxiliary electricity  is subtracted from the production to yield the net electricity efficiency. Instead the cost of auxiliary electricity consumption is included in variable O&M and is calculated using the following electricity prices in €/MWh: 2015: 63, 2020: 69, 2030: 101, 2050: 117. These prices include production costs and transport tariffs, but not any taxes or subsidies for renewable energy."]
["D","Additional heat potential for heat pump is the flue gas condensation potential remaining after the direct condensation stage (condensation by heat exchange with DH-water)"]
["E ","Focus on availability and ambitions of 2 years' continuous operation is expected to gradually reduce planned outage."]
["F ","Regulation and start-up refer to electricity  generation controlled by the turbine operation.The WtE facility would usually be operating at 100% thermal input, and the electricity  output is controlled to the desired level by use of turbine by-pass, by which excess steam is used to produce DH-energy. Warm start-up time refers to 2 days down-time of the turbine."]
["G","The combustion process and boiler may be regulated approx. 1% per minute considering extensive use of inconell (in stead of refractory, which may limit rate of change to 0.5% per minute). Minimum load is typically 70% of thermal input under which limit it may be difficult to comply with the requirement of min. 2 sec residence time of the flue gas at min. 850 °C after the last air injection. Below this limit it may also be a challenge to ensure sufficient superheating of the steam. Warm start-up of the combustion process is typically 8 hours and cold start-up is 8 hours."]
["H","Assumed low SO2-emission 1 g/GJ in 2015  considering the use of flue gas condensation by wet scrubbing down-stream the flue gas treatment system. Sulphur content in fuel 270 g/GJ"]
["I","Increased focus on NOx reduction is expected in the future, requiring use of SNCR technology to its utmost potential by 2030 (at 60 g/GJ) and use of the more effective catalytic SCR-technology by 2050. The SCR-technology entails additional investment."]
["J","N2O is expected to be related primarily to the use of SNCR. This is why little N2O is expected when the SCR-deNOx technology is used (indicated by verly low NOx-level). "]
["K","Variable O&M cost includes consumables (for FGT etc.), disposal of residues, small share of staff-cost and maintenance cost. Electricity  consumption is not included, and revenues from sale of electricity  and heat are not included. Taxes are not included."]
["L","Fixed O&M include amongst other things the major part of staffing and maintenance, analyses, research and development, accounting, insurances, fees, memberships, office. Not included are finance cost, depreciation and amortisation."]
["M","Installation includes civils works (including waste bunker) and project cost considering LOT-based tendering"]
["N","Assuming LOT-based tendering of electromechanic equipment"]
["P","Reference to heat output because of the lack of electricity  production "]

{"sheet":"09 Wood Chips, Large","index":18,"n_rows":63,"n_cols":12,"rows_kept":63,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[62,1,62,11],[60,1,60,11],[61,1,61,11],[58,1,58,11],[59,1,59,11],[55,1,55,11],[56,1,56,11],[53,1,53,11],[54,1,54,11],[49,1,49,11],[51,1,51,11],[30,1,30,11],[36,1,36,11],[18,9,18,11],[24,1,24,11],[2,2,2,11],[3,6,3,7],[3,8,3,9]]}
[null,"Large Wood Chips ",null,null,null,null,null,"Back to Index"]
[]
[null,"Technology","09 Large Wood Chips CHP,  600 MW feed, back pressure"]
[null,null,2015,2020,2030,2050,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty (2050)",null,"Note","Ref"]
[null,"Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper"]
[null,"Generating capacity for one unit (MWe)",176.5,176.9,177.5,174.4,162.9,235,170.9,242.6,"A"]
[null,"Electricity efficiency, net (%), name plate",29.4,29.5,29.6,29.1,27,39,28,40,"A, H",1]
[null,"Electricity efficiency, net (%), annual average",27.9,28,28.1,27.6,24,37,26,38,"A, H",1]
[null,"Heat efficiency, net (%), name plate",82,82.2,82,82.6,45,84,43,83,"B, H",1]
[null,"Heat efficiency, net (%), annual average",83.5,83.6,83.5,84,47,86,46,85,"B, H",1]
[null,"Additional heat potential with heat pumps (% of thermal input)",2,1.9,1.9,1.9,2,30,2,30,"C",1]
[null,"Cb coefficient (40°C/80°C)",0.36,0.36,0.36,0.35,0.33,0.48,0.34,0.49," "]
[null,"Cv coefficient (40°C/80°C)",1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1]
[null,"Forced outage (%)",3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,null," "]
[null,"Planned outage (weeks per year)",3,3,3,3,2.6,3.5,2.2999999999999998,3.8]
[null,"Technical lifetime (years)",25,25,25,25,20,35,20,35,null,1]
[null,"Construction time (years)",5,5,5,5,4.5,5.5,4,5.5,null,1]
[null,"Space requirement (1000 m2/MWe)",0.08,0.08,0.08,0.09,7.0000000000000007E-2,0.1,0.06,0.11,null,1]
[null,""]
[null,"Primary regulation (% per 30 seconds)",2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2]
[null,"Secondary regulation (% per minute)",4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,"D",1]
[null,"Minimum load (% of full load)",45,45,45,45,45,45,45,45]
[null,"Warm start-up time (hours)",2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,"E+G",1]
[null,"Cold start-up time (hours)",12,12,12,12,12,12,12,12," ",1]
[null,"Environment"]
[null,"SO2 (degree of desulphuring, %) ",98,98,98,98,94.9,99,98,99,"F, L",1]
[null,"NOX (g per GJ fuel) ",30,24,20,12,12,30,8,20,"F, L",1]
[null,"CH4 (g per GJ fuel)",3,2,2,1,1,3,0,3,"F, L",1]
[null,"N2O (g per GJ fuel)",10,8,6,5,5,10,3,10,"F, L",1]
[null,"Particles (g per GJ fuel)",0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.1,2,0.1,1,"F, L",1]
[null,"Financial data                                 "]
[null,"Nominal investment (M€/MWe) ",3.5,3.4,3.2,3,2.9,4.0999999999999996,2.4,4.2,"J, K, L",1]
[null," - of which equipment",2.2999999999999998,2.2000000000000002,2.1,2,1.8,2.7,1.5,2.7,"K, L"]
[null," - of which installation",1.2,1.2,1.1000000000000001,1,1,1.4,0.9,1.4,"K, L"]
[null,"Fixed O&M (€/MWe/year)",100500,97600,92300,86300,86600,89600,67200,81300]
[null,"Variable O&M (€/MWh_e) ",3.8,3.8,3.7,3.8,3.2,4.3,2.9,4.8]
[null,"Technology specific data"]
[null,"Steam reheat","None","None","None","None","None","Yes","None","Yes"]
[null,"Flue gas condensation","Yes","Yes","Yes","Yes","No","Yes","No","Yes"]
[null,"Combustion air humidification","Yes","Yes","Yes","Yes","No","Yes","No","Yes"]
[null,"Nominal investment (M€/MW fuel input)",1.03,1,0.95,0.88,0.85,1.2,0.7,1.21,"J, K, L",1]
[null," - of which equipment",0.66,0.65,0.62,0.57999999999999996,0.54,0.78,0.44,0.79,"K, L"]
[null," - of which installation",0.36,0.35,0.34,0.3,0.31,0.42,0.25,0.42,"K, L"]
[null,"Fixed O&M (€/MW input/year)",29500,28800,27300,25100,24300,33900,19100,32900]
[null,"Variable O&M (€/MWh input)",1.1000000000000001,1.1000000000000001,1.1000000000000001,1.1000000000000001,0.9,1.3,0.8,1.4]
[null,"Fuel storage specific cost in excess of 2 days (M€/MW_input/storage day)",0.01,0.01,8.9999999999999993E-3,8.0000000000000002E-3,8.9999999999999993E-3,1.2E-2,7.0000000000000001E-3,1.2E-2,"K"]
[]
[]
["References:"]
[1,"Rambøll Danmark, internal evaluation based on either existing projects, supplier offers, or pre-project studies."]
["Notes:"]
["A","The boiler in the plant is a circulating fluid bed boiler (CFB) producing steam to be used in a subsequent back pressure turbine without steam re-heat.  "]
["B"," Through a turbine by-pass all the produced steam energy can be used for District Heat production."]
["C","Plants of this type may achieve up to 110 % efficiency using flue gas condensation with moist wood chips and 115 % efficiency with both flue gas condensation and \nabsorption heat pumps activated. The colder the return temperature of the district heating, the higher the total efficiency at direct condensation. Direct condensation and combustion air humidification are included in all cases except in lower range of 2020 and 2050."]
["D","Secondary regulation normally relates to power production; for this type of plant it may not be of importance since load will normally follow heat consumption. "]
["E","A limiting factor for the hot and cold start-up times is the size of the hot water tank (deaerator). Warm start-up time is particularly low for fluid bed types of plants."]
["F","It is to be expected that the NOx level is low from the CFB, and that the necessary DeNOx can be accomplished using SNCR, except where anticipated emission levels are below 20 g/GJ, in which case SCR is used. "]
["G","Warm start is starting with a glowing bed and a warm deaerator."]
["H","The total efficiency is the sum of electricity  efficiency and heat efficiency, applicable for \"name plate\" and \"annual average\", respectively. The \"annual average\" electricity  efficiency is lower than \"name plate\" due to turbine outages and other incidents. The resulting lost power production is recovered as heat. This is why \"annual average\" heat efficiency is higher than \"name plate\" heat. Efficiencies refer to lower heating value. The parasitic electricity consumption has been subtracted in the listed electricity efficiencies."]
["I","Financial data and Technological specific data are essentially the total cost either divided by the electric net capacity or by the net heat capacity, i.e. corresponding to the indicated name plate efficiencies. This is to indicate that new plants may not fully take advantage of the technical capabilities for either full electricity production capacity or heat production capacity. The two cost for electricity and heat, respectively, are not to be added up!"]
["J","Investment applies to a standard plant. There could be cost related to the actual project or site that adds to the total investment, e.g. additional fuel storage, facilities for chipping of logs, conditions for foundation and harbour facilities. \nFinancial data and Technological specific data are essentially the total cost either divided by the electric net capacity, i.e. corresponding to the indicated name plate efficiencies, or by the thermal input. This is to indicate that new plants may not fully take advantage of the technical capabilities for full electricity production capacity. The two cost for electricity and thermal input, respectively, are not to be added up!"]
["K","Note that investments include only two days fuel storage, and more may be optimal, depending on fuel supply opportunities and heat supply obligations, amongst other things. \nThe additional investment is listed in the bottom row."]
["L","Includes the following processes: DeNOx (ammonia injection (SNCR) or catalytic (SCR)), SO2 capture by injection of lime or the use of another SO2 absorbing system, dust abatement by bag house filters"]

{"sheet":"09 Wood Chips, Medium","index":19,"n_rows":63,"n_cols":12,"rows_kept":63,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[62,1,62,11],[60,1,60,11],[61,1,61,11],[58,1,58,11],[59,1,59,8],[55,1,55,11],[56,1,56,11],[53,1,53,11],[54,1,54,11],[49,1,49,11],[51,1,51,11],[30,1,30,11],[36,1,36,11],[18,9,18,11],[24,1,24,11],[2,2,2,11],[3,6,3,7],[3,8,3,9]]}
[null,"Medium Wood Chips",null,null,null,null,null,"Back to Index"]
[]
[null,"Technology","09 Medium Wood Chips CHP,  80 MW feed, back pressure"]
[null,null,2015,2020,2030,2050,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty (2050)",null,"Note","Ref"]
[null,"Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper"]
[null,"Generating capacity for one unit (MWe)",23.1,23.1,23.2,22.8,21.8,30.9,22.4,31.8,"A"]
[null,"Electricity efficiency, net (%), name plate",28.9,28.9,29,28.5,27,39,28,40,"A, H, F",1]
[null,"Electricity efficiency, net (%), annual average",27.4,27.4,27.5,27,25,37,25,38,"A, H, F",1]
[null,"Heat efficiency, net (%), name plate",82.1,82.1,81.900000000000006,82.5,46,84,43,83,"B, H",1]
[null,"Heat efficiency, net (%), annual average",83.5,83.5,83.4,83.9,49,86,46,85,"B, H",1]
[null,"Additional heat potential with heat pumps (% of thermal input)",2,2,2,2,2,28,2,30,"C",1]
[null,"Cb coefficient (40°C/80°C)",0.35,0.35,0.35,0.35,0.33,0.47,0.34,0.48," "]
[null,"Cv coefficient (40°C/80°C)",1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,"I"]
[null,"Forced outage (%)",3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,null," "]
[null,"Planned outage (weeks per year)",3,3,3,3,2.6,3.5,2.2999999999999998,3.8]
[null,"Technical lifetime (years)",25,25,25,25,20,35,20,35,null,1]
[null,"Construction time (years)",2.5,2.5,2.5,2.5,2,3,1.5,3,null,1]
[null,"Space requirement (1000 m2/MWe)",0.2,0.2,0.2,0.2,0.2,0.2,0.2,0.3,null," "]
[null,""]
[null,"Primary regulation (% per 30 seconds)","NA","NA","NA","NA","NA","NA","NA","NA"]
[null,"Secondary regulation (% per minute)",4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,"D",1]
[null,"Minimum load (% of full load)",20,20,20,20,20,20,20,20]
[null,"Warm start-up time (hours)",2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,"E+G",1]
[null,"Cold start-up time (hours)",8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8," ",1]
[null,"Environment"]
[null,"SO2 (degree of desulphuring, %) ",98,98,98,98,94.9,99,98,99,"F, L",1]
[null,"NOX (g per GJ fuel) ",90,72,41,24,41,81,20,41,"F, L",1]
[null,"CH4 (g per GJ fuel)",3,2,2,1,1,3,0,3,"F, L",1]
[null,"N2O (g per GJ fuel)",1,1,1,1,1,3,0,1,"F, L",1]
[null,"Particles (g per GJ fuel)",2,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.1,2,0.1,1,"F, L",1]
[null,"Financial data                                 "]
[null,"Nominal investment (M€/MWe) ",3.7,3.6,3.5,3.3,3.1,4.3,2.5,4.5,"J, K, L",1]
[null," - of which equipment",2.5,2.4,2.2999999999999998,2.2000000000000002,2,2.9,1.7,3,"K, L"]
[null," - of which installation",1.2,1.2,1.1000000000000001,1.1000000000000001,1,1.4,0.9,1.5,"K, L"]
[null,"Fixed O&M (€/MWe/year)",158400,153600,144000,132800,133400,137000,101400,123000]
[null,"Variable O&M (€/MWh_e) ",3.8,3.8,3.8,3.9,3.3,4.4000000000000004,2.9,4.9000000000000004]
[null,"Technology specific data"]
[null,"Steam reheat","None","None","None","None","None","Yes","None","Yes"]
[null,"Flue gas condensation","Yes","Yes","Yes","Yes","No","Yes","No","Yes"]
[null,"Combustion air humidification","Yes","Yes","Yes","Yes","No","Yes","No","Yes"]
[null,"Nominal investment (M€/MW fuel input)",1.08,1.05,1,0.94,0.88,1.24,0.72,1.28,"J, K, L",1]
[null," - of which equipment",0.72,0.71,0.67,0.64,0.57999999999999996,0.83,0.47,0.87,"K, L"]
[null," - of which installation",0.36,0.35,0.33,0.3,0.3,0.41,0.25,0.41,"K, L"]
[null,"Fixed O&M (€/MW input/year)",45800,44369,41766,37793,37323,51473,28349,48834]
[null,"Variable O&M (€/MWh input)",1.1000000000000001,1.1000000000000001,1.1000000000000001,1.1000000000000001,0.9,1.3,0.8,1.4]
[null,"Fuel storage specific cost in excess of 2 days (M€/MW_input/storage day)",1.4999999999999999E-2,1.4999999999999999E-2,1.4E-2,1.2999999999999999E-2,1.2999999999999999E-2,1.7000000000000001E-2,0.01,1.7000000000000001E-2,"K"]
[]
[]
["References:"]
[1,"Rambøll Danmark, internal evaluation based on either existing projects, supplier offers, or pre-project studies."]
["Notes:"]
["A","The boiler in the plant is a grate fired boiler producing steam to be used in a subsequent back pressure steam turbine. Though a grate is reasonable flexible with respect to combusting different fuels the fuel feed system will be dependent on the type of fuel. It is to be expected that it is necessary with a specific DeNOx plant (SNCR might not be sufficient). "]
["B"," Through a turbine by-pass all the produced steam energy is used for District Heat production."]
["C","Plants of this type may achieve up to 110 % efficiency using flue gas condensation with moist wood chips and 115 % efficiency with both flue gas condensation and \nabsorption heat pumps activated. The colder the return temperature of the district heating, the higher the total efficiency at direct condensation. Direct condensation and combustion air humidification are included in all cases except in lower range of 2020 and 2050."]
["D","Secondary regulation normally relates to power production; for this type of plant it may not be of importance since load will normally follow heat consumption. "]
["E","A limiting factor for the hot and cold start-up times is the size of the hot water tank (deaerator)."]
["F","It is to be expected that necessary DeNOx can be accomplished using SNCR, except where anticipated emission levels are below 40 g/GJ in which case SCR is used with slight adverse effect on electricity  efficiency.  "]
["G","Warm start is starting with a glowing fuel layer on the grate and a warm deaerator."]
["H","The total efficiency is the sum of electricity  efficiency and heat efficiency, applicable for \"name plate\" and \"annual average\", respectively. The \"annual average\" electricity  efficiency is lower than \"name plate\" due to turbine outages and other incidents. The resulting lost power production is recovered as heat. This is why \"annual average\" heat efficiency is higher than \"name plate\" heat. Efficiencies refer to lower heating value. The parasitic electricity consumption has been subtracted in the listed electricity efficiencies."]
["I","The Cv value does not exist for plants with a back pressure turbine or an ORC turbine"]
["J","Investment applies to a standard plant. There could be cost related to the actual project or site that adds to the total investment, e.g. additional fuel storage, facilities for chipping of logs, conditions for foundation and harbour facilities. \nFinancial data and Technological specific data are essentially the total cost either divided by the electric net capacity, i.e. corresponding to the indicated name plate efficiencies, or by the thermal input. This is to indicate that new plants may not fully take advantage of the technical capabilities for full electricity production capacity. The two cost for electricity and thermal input, respectively, are not to be added up!"]
["K","Note that investments include only two days fuel storage, and more may be optimal, depending on fuel supply opportunities and heat supply obligations, amongst other things. \nThe additional investment is listed in the bottom row."]
["L","Includes the following processes: DeNOx (ammonia injection (SNCR) or catalytic (SCR)), SO2 capture by injection of lime or the use of another SO2 absorbing system, dust abatement by bag house filters"]

{"sheet":"09 Wood Chips, Small","index":20,"n_rows":63,"n_cols":12,"rows_kept":63,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[58,1,58,11],[59,1,59,11],[60,1,60,11],[61,1,61,11],[62,1,62,11],[56,1,56,11],[55,1,55,11],[2,2,2,11],[3,6,3,7],[3,8,3,9],[18,9,18,11],[24,1,24,11],[30,1,30,11],[36,1,36,11],[49,1,49,11],[51,1,51,11],[53,1,53,11],[54,1,54,11]]}
[null,"Small Wood Chips",null,null,null,null,null,"Back to Index"]
[]
[null,"Technology","09 Small Wood Chips CHP, ORC  20 MW feed, back pressure"]
[null,null,2015,2020,2030,2050,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty (2050)",null,"Note","Ref"]
[null,"Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper"]
[null,"Generating capacity for one unit (MWe)",2.9,2.9,2.9,2.8,2.8,2.9,2.7,2.9,"A"]
[null,"Electricity efficiency, net (%), name plate",14.3,14.3,14.3,14,14,14,14,14,"A, H",1]
[null,"Electricity efficiency, net (%), annual average",13.5,13.5,13.6,13.3,13,14,12,14,"A, H",1]
[null,"Heat efficiency, net (%), name plate",97.3,97.3,97.3,97.6,71,98,69,98,"B, H",1]
[null,"Heat efficiency, net (%), annual average",98.1,98.1,98,98.3,72,98,71,99,"B, H",1]
[null,"Additional heat potential with heat pumps (% of thermal input)",2,2,2,2,2,28,2,30,"C",1]
[null,"Cb coefficient (40°C/80°C)",0.15,0.15,0.15,0.14000000000000001,0.14000000000000001,0.15,0.14000000000000001,0.15," "]
[null,"Cv coefficient (40°C/80°C)",1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,"I"]
[null,"Forced outage (%)",3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,null," "]
[null,"Planned outage (weeks per year)",3,3,3,3,2.6,3.5,2.2999999999999998,3.8]
[null,"Technical lifetime (years)",25,25,25,25,20,35,20,35,null,1]
[null,"Construction time (years)",1,1,1,1,0.5,1.5,0.5,1.5,null,1]
[null,"Space requirement (1000 m2/MWe)",0.7,0.7,0.7,0.7,0.6,0.8,0.5,0.9,null," "]
[null,""]
[null,"Primary regulation (% per 30 seconds)","NA","NA","NA","NA","NA","NA","NA","NA"]
[null,"Secondary regulation (% per minute)",10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,"D",1]
[null,"Minimum load (% of full load)",20,20,20,20,20,20,20,20,"D",1]
[null,"Warm start-up time (hours)",0.25,0.25,0.25,0.25,0.25,0.25,0.25,0.25,"G",1]
[null,"Cold start-up time (hours)",0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5," ",1]
[null,"Environment"]
[null,"SO2 (degree of desulphuring, %) ",98,98,98,98,94.9,99,98,99,"F, L",1]
[null,"NOX (g per GJ fuel) ",90,63,41,32,41,81,20,41,"F, L",1]
[null,"CH4 (g per GJ fuel)",16,11,8,4,4,16,2,16,"F, L",1]
[null,"N2O (g per GJ fuel)",1,1,1,1,1,3,0,1,"F, L",1]
[null,"Particles (g per GJ fuel)",2,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.1,2,0.1,1,"F, L",1]
[null,"Financial data                                 "]
[null,"Nominal investment (M€/MWe) ",6.7,6.5,6.2,6,5.7,7.7,4.7,8.1,"E, J, K, L",1]
[null," - of which equipment",4.0999999999999996,4,3.8,3.8,3.5,4.8,2.9,5.2,"K, L"]
[null," - of which installation",2.5,2.5,2.2999999999999998,2.2000000000000002,2.1,2.9,1.8,3,"K, L"]
[null,"Fixed O&M (€/MWe/year)",292700,288900,280500,277900,252000,331000,215600,347000]
[null,"Variable O&M (€/MWh_e) ",7.8,7.8,7.7,7.9,6.6,8.9,5.9,9.8000000000000007]
[null,"Technology specific data"]
[null,"Steam reheat","None","None","None","None","None","None","None","None"]
[null,"Flue gas condensation","Yes","Yes","Yes","Yes","No","Yes","No","Yes"]
[null,"Combustion air humidification","Yes","Yes","Yes","Yes","No","Yes","No","Yes"]
[null,"Nominal investment (M€/MW fuel input)",0.95,0.93,0.88,0.84,0.81,1.0900000000000001,0.66,1.1399999999999999,"J, K, L",1]
[null," - of which equipment",0.59,0.57999999999999996,0.55000000000000004,0.53,0.5,0.68,0.41,0.72,"K, L"]
[null," - of which installation",0.36,0.35,0.33,0.3,0.31,0.41,0.25,0.42,"K, L"]
[null,"Fixed O&M (€/MW input/year)",41800,41200,40200,39000,35300,47800,29600,50100]
[null,"Variable O&M (€/MWh input)",1.1000000000000001,1.1000000000000001,1.1000000000000001,1.1000000000000001,0.9,1.3,0.8,1.4]
[null,"Fuel storage specific cost in excess of 2 days (M€/MW_input/storage day)",0.02,0.02,1.9E-2,1.7000000000000001E-2,1.7000000000000001E-2,2.3E-2,1.4E-2,2.3E-2,"K"]
[]
[]
["References:"]
[1,"Rambøll Danmark, internal model and evaluation based on either existing projects, supplier offers, or pre-project studies."]
["Notes:"]
["A","The plant is directly producing hot water for District Heating by burning fuel on a grate. The electric power is produced by an ORC module (Organic Rankine Cycle; Waste Heat Recovery - WHR). Refer for instance to the following link for further information about technology and suppliers: http://www.enova.no/upload_images/36AC689098414B05A7112FA2EE985BDA.pdf . This is low temperature and low efficiency electric power but at an affordable price."]
["B","Boilers up to 20 MW fuel input for hot water production are more or less standardized products with a high degree of fuel flexibility (type of biomass, humidity etc.)"]
["C","There are plants of this type with up to 110 % efficiency using flue gas condensation with moist wood chips and close to 120 % efficiency with both flue gas condensation and \nabsorption heat pumps activated. The colder the return temperature of the district heating, the higher the total efficiencyat direct condensation. Direct condensation and combustion air humidification are included in all cases except in lower range of 2020 and 2050."]
["                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          ","Secondary regulation normally relates to power production; for this type of plant it may not be of importance. Though, the load control of the heat production is important and most units will perform better than the figure shown. Also, minimum load could be substantially lower."]
["E","Since electricity generation is only a secondary objective for minor heat producers, it may make more sense to relate the total investment only to the heat production capacity."]
["F","It is to be expected that necessary DeNOx can be accomplished using SNCR, except where anticipated emission levels are below 40 g/GJ "]
["G","Warm start is starting with a glowing fuel layer on the grate."]
["H","The total efficiency is the sum of electricity  efficiency and heat efficiency, applicable for \"name plate\" and \"annual average\", respectively. The \"annual average\" electricity  efficiency is lower than \"name plate\" due to turbine outages and other incidents. The resulting lost power production is recovered as heat. This is why \"annual average\" heat efficiency is higher than \"name plate\" heat. Efficiencies refer to lower heating value. The parasitic electricity consumption has been subtracted in the listed electricity efficiencies."]
["I","Cv=1 describes turbine by-pass operation. During operation the turbine can be by-passed fully or partly for direct district heating production, at operator choice."]
["J","Investment applies to a standard plant. There could be cost related to the actual project or site that adds to the total investment, e.g. additional fuel storage, facilities for chipping of logs, conditions for foundation and harbour facilities. \nFinancial data and Technological specific data are essentially the total cost either divided by the electric net capacity, i.e. corresponding to the indicated name plate efficiencies, or by the thermal input. This is to indicate that new plants may not fully take advantage of the technical capabilities for full electricity production capacity. The two cost for electricity and thermal input, respectively, are not to be added up!"]
["K","Note that investments include only two days fuel storage, and more may be optimal, depending on fuel supply opportunities and heat supply obligations, amongst other things. \nThe additional investment is listed in the bottom row."]
["L","Includes the following processes: DeNOx (ammonia injection (SNCR) or catalytic (SCR)), SO2 capture by injection of lime or the use of another SO2 absorbing system, dust abatement by bag house filters"]

{"sheet":"09 Wood Pellets, Large","index":21,"n_rows":63,"n_cols":12,"rows_kept":63,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[62,1,62,11],[60,1,60,11],[61,1,61,11],[58,1,58,11],[59,1,59,8],[55,1,55,11],[56,1,56,11],[53,1,53,11],[54,1,54,11],[36,1,36,11],[49,1,49,11],[51,1,51,11],[18,9,18,11],[24,1,24,11],[30,1,30,11],[2,2,2,11],[3,6,3,7],[3,8,3,9]]}
[null,"Large Wood Pellets",null,null,null,null,null,"Back to Index"]
[]
[null,"Technology","09 Large Wood Pellets CHP,  800 MW feed, back pressure"]
[null,null,2015,2020,2030,2050,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty (2050)",null,"Note","Ref"]
[null,"Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper"]
[null,"Generating capacity for one unit (MWe)",260.60000000000002,261.2,261.89999999999998,261.89999999999998,258.5,338.5,258.5,338.5,"A"]
[null,"Electricity efficiency, net (%), name plate",32.6,32.6,32.700000000000003,32.700000000000003,32,42,32,42,"A, H",1]
[null,"Electricity efficiency, net (%), annual average",30.9,31,31.1,31.1,29,40,29,40,"A, H",1]
[null,"Heat efficiency, net (%), name plate",63.8,63.9,63.8,63.8,43,64,43,64,"B, H",1]
[null,"Heat efficiency, net (%), annual average",65.400000000000006,65.5,65.400000000000006,65.400000000000006,47,66,47,66,"B, H",1]
[null,"Additional heat potential with heat pumps (% of thermal input)",1.7,1.7,1.7,1.7,2,12,2,12,"C",1]
[null,"Cb coefficient (40°C/80°C)",0.51,0.51,0.51,0.51,0.51,0.66,0.51,0.66," "]
[null,"Cv coefficient (40°C/80°C)",1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,"I"]
[null,"Forced outage (%)",3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,null," "]
[null,"Planned outage (weeks per year)",3,3,3,3,2.6,3.5,2.2999999999999998,3.8]
[null,"Technical lifetime (years)",25,25,25,25,20,35,20,35,null,1]
[null,"Construction time (years)",1,1,1,1,0.5,1.5,0.5,1.5,null,1]
[null,"Space requirement (1000 m2/MWe)",0.06,0.06,0.06,0.06,0.05,7.0000000000000007E-2,0.04,7.0000000000000007E-2,null," "]
[null,""]
[null,"Primary regulation (% per 30 seconds)",2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2]
[null,"Secondary regulation (% per minute)",4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,"D",1]
[null,"Minimum load (% of full load)",15,15,15,15,15,15,15,15,null,1]
[null,"Warm start-up time (hours)",2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,"G",1]
[null,"Cold start-up time (hours)",12,12,12,12,12,12,12,12,"E",1]
[null,"Environment"]
[null,"SO2 (degree of desulphuring, %) ",98.3,98.3,98.3,98.3,95.6,99.1,98.3,99.1,"L",1]
[null,"NOX (g per GJ fuel) ",20,21,18,11,11,26,7,18,"C,F,L"]
[null,"CH4 (g per GJ fuel)",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,"L"]
[null,"N2O (g per GJ fuel)",1,1,1,1,1,3,0,1,"L"]
[null,"Particles (g per GJ fuel)",0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.1,2,0.1,1,"L"]
[null,"Financial data                                 "]
[null,"Nominal investment (M€/MWe) ",2.4,2.2999999999999998,2.2000000000000002,2,2,2.7,1.6,2.7,"J,K,L",1]
[null," - of which equipment",1.3,1.3,1.2,1.1000000000000001,1.1000000000000001,1.5,0.9,1.5,"K, L"]
[null," - of which installation",1,1,1,0.9,0.9,1.2,0.7,1.2,"K, L"]
[null,"Fixed O&M (€/MWe/year)",65700,64000,61000,55900,54500,57300,43800,56400]
[null,"Variable O&M (€/MWh_e) ",1.6,1.6,1.6,1.6,1.3,1.8,1.2,1.9]
[null,"Technology specific data"]
[null,"Steam reheat","None","None","None","None","None","Yes","None","Yes"]
[null,"Flue gas condensation","Yes","Yes","Yes","Yes","No","Yes","No","Yes"]
[null,"Combustion air humidification","Yes","Yes","Yes","Yes","No","Yes","No","Yes"]
[null,"Nominal investment (M€/MW fuel input)",0.77,0.75,0.72,0.65,0.64,0.89,0.53,0.89,"J,K,L",1]
[null," - of which equipment",0.43,0.42,0.4,0.36,0.35,0.49,0.28999999999999998,0.5,"K, L"]
[null," - of which installation",0.34,0.33,0.32,0.28999999999999998,0.28999999999999998,0.39,0.24,0.4,"K, L"]
[null,"Fixed O&M (€/MW input/year)",21400,20900,20000,18300,17600,24300,14100,23900]
[null,"Variable O&M (€/MWh input)",0.51,0.51,0.51,0.51,0.43,0.59,0.38,0.64]
[null,"Fuel storage specific cost in excess of 2 days (M€/MW_input/storage day)",3.0000000000000001E-3,2E-3,2E-3,2E-3,2E-3,3.0000000000000001E-3,2E-3,3.0000000000000001E-3,"K"]
[]
[]
["References:"]
[1,"Rambøll Danmark, internal evaluation based on either existing projects, supplier offers, or pre-project studies."]
["Notes:"]
["A","The boiler in the plant is a suspension fired boiler producing steam to be used in a subsequent steam turbine. Currently, the steam turbine is expected to be a back pressure turbine with no re-heat. In some of the future scenarios it is assumed that the prices on electricity will allow for an increased electrical efficiency and subsequently re-heating of steam is introduced."]
["B"," Through a turbine by-pass all the produced steam energy can be used for District Heat production."]
["C","Since wood pellets are relatively dry there is often only a minor efficiency advantage in using flue gas condensation. There is though an environmental advantage in having a scrubber in the flue gas stream. Direct condensation and combustion air humidification are included in all cases except in lower range of 2020 and 2050."]
["D","This is given by grid code (Energinet.dk)"]
["E","A limiting factor for the hot and cold start-up times is the size of the hot water tank (deaerator). "]
["F","This plant is equiped with an SCR catalyst for DeNOx and an electrostatic precipitator for catching dust/fly ash"]
["G","Warm start is starting with the steam system being pressurized."]
["H","The total efficiency is the sum of electricity  efficiency and heat efficiency, applicable for \"name plate\" and \"annual average\", respectively. The \"annual average\" electricity  efficiency is lower than \"name plate\" due to turbine outages and other incidents. The resulting lost power production is recovered as heat. This is why \"annual average\" heat efficiency is higher than \"name plate\" heat. Efficiencies refer to lower heating value. The parasitic electricity consumption has been subtracted in the listed electricity efficiencies."]
["I","The Cv value may vary according to the optimization of the plant. A modest value representing a choice with current power/heat prices is shown but an approximate BAT value is given as 'UPPER'"]
["J","Investment applies to a standard plant. There could be cost related to the actual project or site that adds to the total investment, e.g. additional fuel storage, facilities for chipping of logs, conditions for foundation and harbour facilities. \nFinancial data and Technological specific data are essentially the total cost either divided by the electric net capacity, i.e. corresponding to the indicated name plate efficiencies, or by the thermal input. This is to indicate that new plants may not fully take advantage of the technical capabilities for full electricity production capacity. The two cost for electricity and thermal input, respectively, are not to be added up!"]
["K","Note that investments include only two days fuel storage, and more may be optimal, depending on fuel supply opportunities and heat supply obligations, amongst other things. \nThe additional investment is listed in the bottom row."]
["L","Includes the following processes: DeNOx (ammonia injection (SNCR) or catalytic (SCR)), SO2 capture by injection of lime or the use of another SO2 absorbing system, dust abatement by bag house filters"]

{"sheet":"09 Wood Pellets, Medium","index":22,"n_rows":63,"n_cols":12,"rows_kept":63,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[62,1,62,11],[60,1,60,11],[61,1,61,11],[58,1,58,11],[59,1,59,8],[2,2,2,11],[3,6,3,7],[3,8,3,9],[55,1,55,11],[56,1,56,11],[53,1,53,11],[54,1,54,11],[49,1,49,11],[51,1,51,11]]}
[null,"Medium Wood Pellets",null,null,null,null,null,"Back to Index"]
[]
[null,"Technology","09 Medium Wood Pellets CHP,  80 MW feed, back pressure"]
[null,null,2015,2020,2030,2050,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty (2050)",null,"Note","Ref"]
[null,"Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper"]
[null,"Generating capacity for one unit (MWe)",24.1,24.1,23.9,23.9,23.2,32.5,23.5,32.700000000000003,"A"]
[null,"Electricity efficiency, net (%), name plate",30.2,30.2,29.8,29.8,29,41,29,41,"A, H, F",1]
[null,"Electricity efficiency, net (%), annual average",28.6,28.6,28.3,28.3,26,39,26,39,"A, H, F",1]
[null,"Heat efficiency, net (%), name plate",66.5,66.5,66.8,66.8,44,69,44,68,"A, H, F",1]
[null,"Heat efficiency, net (%), annual average",68,68,68.3,68.3,47,71,47,70,"B, H",1]
[null,"Additional heat potential with heat pumps (% of thermal input)",1.7,1.7,1.7,1.7,2,12,2,12,"C",1]
[null,"Cb coefficient (40°C/80°C)",0.45,0.45,0.45,0.45,0.44,0.61,0.44,0.61," "]
[null,"Cv coefficient (40°C/80°C)",1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,"I"]
[null,"Forced outage (%)",3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,null," "]
[null,"Planned outage (weeks per year)",3,3,3,3,2.6,3.5,2.2999999999999998,3.8]
[null,"Technical lifetime (years)",25,25,25,25,20,35,20,35,null,1]
[null,"Construction time (years)",1,1,1,1,0.5,1.5,0.5,1.5,null,1]
[null,"Space requirement (1000 m2/MWe)",0.19,0.19,0.19,0.19,0.16,0.21,0.14000000000000001,0.24,null," "]
[null,""]
[null,"Primary regulation (% per 30 seconds)","NA","NA","NA","NA","NA","NA","NA","NA"]
[null,"Secondary regulation (% per minute)",10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,"D",1]
[null,"Minimum load (% of full load)",15,15,15,15,15,15,15,15]
[null,"Warm start-up time (hours)",0.25,0.25,0.25,0.25,0.25,0.25,0.25,0.25,"E",1]
[null,"Cold start-up time (hours)",8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8," ",1]
[null,"Environment"]
[null,"SO2 (degree of desulphuring, %) ",98.3,98.3,98.3,98.3,95.6,99.1,98.3,99.1,"F, L",1]
[null,"NOX (g per GJ fuel) ",78,62,35,21,35,70,18,35,"F, L",1]
[null,"CH4 (g per GJ fuel)",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,"F, L",1]
[null,"N2O (g per GJ fuel)",1,1,1,1,1,3,0,1,"F, L",1]
[null,"Particles (g per GJ fuel)",2,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.1,2,0.1,1,"F, L",1]
[null,"Financial data                                 "]
[null,"Nominal investment (M€/MWe) ",3.2,3.1,3.1,2.8,2.6,3.7,2.2000000000000002,3.8,"J,K, L",1]
[null," - of which equipment",2,2,2,1.8,1.6,2.4,1.4,2.5,"K, L"]
[null," - of which installation",1.1000000000000001,1.1000000000000001,1.1000000000000001,1,1,1.3,0.8,1.3,"K, L"]
[null,"Fixed O&M (€/MWe/year)",130800,127100,123300,110800,110600,110700,85800,104200]
[null,"Variable O&M (€/MWh_e) ",1.7,1.7,1.7,1.7,1.4,1.9,1.3,2.1]
[null,"Technology specific data"]
[null,"Steam reheat","None","None","None","None","None","Yes","None","Yes"]
[null,"Flue gas condensation","Yes","Yes","Yes","Yes","No","Yes","No","Yes"]
[null,"Combustion air humidification","Yes","Yes","Yes","Yes","No","Yes","No","Yes"]
[null,"Nominal investment (M€/MW fuel input)",0.95,0.93,0.91,0.83,0.77,1.1200000000000001,0.66,1.1299999999999999,"J,K, L",1]
[null," - of which equipment",0.61,0.59,0.59,0.54,0.48,0.73,0.42,0.73,"K, L"]
[null," - of which installation",0.34,0.33,0.32,0.28999999999999998,0.28999999999999998,0.4,0.24,0.4,"K, L"]
[null,"Fixed O&M (€/MW input/year)",39500,38300,36800,33100,32100,45000,25200,42700]
[null,"Variable O&M (€/MWh input)",0.51,0.51,0.51,0.51,0.43,0.59,0.38,0.64]
[null,"Fuel storage specific cost in excess of 2 days (M€/MW_input/storage day)",3.0000000000000001E-3,3.0000000000000001E-3,3.0000000000000001E-3,3.0000000000000001E-3,3.0000000000000001E-3,3.0000000000000001E-3,2E-3,3.0000000000000001E-3,"K"]
[]
[]
["References:"]
[1,"Rambøll Danmark, internal evaluation based on either existing projects, supplier offers, or pre-project studies."]
["Notes:"]
["A","The boiler in the plant is a suspension fired boiler producing steam to be used in a subsequent back pressure steam turbine. It is possible to pulverize wood pellets and use it for suspension firing but it has not been possible to find an appropriate reference."]
["B"," Through a turbine by-pass all the produced steam energy is used for District Heat production."]
["C","Since wood pellets are relatively dry there is often only a minor efficiency advantage in using flue gas condensation. There is though an environmental advantage in having a scrubber in the flue gas stream. Direct condensation is assumed in all cases. Combustion air humidification is included except in lower range of 2020 and 2050. Direct condensation and combustion air humidification are included in all cases except in lower range of 2020 and 2050."]
["D","Secondary regulation normally relates to power production; for this type of plant it may not be of importance since load will normally follow heat consumption. "]
["E","A limiting factor for the hot and cold start-up times is the size of the hot water tank (deaerator).  "]
["F","SNCR is assumed at NOx emissions at no less than 40 g/GJ. At lower NOx-levels it is chosen to include a tail-end SCR catalyst with slight adverse effect on electricity  efficiency. "]
["G","Warm start is starting with a glowing fuel layer on the grate and a warm deaerator."]
["H","The total efficiency is the sum of electricity  efficiency and heat efficiency, applicable for \"name plate\" and \"annual average\", respectively. The \"annual average\" electricity  efficiency is lower than \"name plate\" due to turbine outages and other incidents. The resulting lost power production is recovered as heat. This is why \"annual average\" heat efficiency is higher than \"name plate\" heat. Efficiencies refer to lower heating value. The parasitic electricity consumption has been subtracted in the listed electricity efficiencies."]
["I","The Cv value does not exist for plants with a back pressure turbine or an ORC turbine"]
["J","Investment applies to a standard plant. There could be cost related to the actual project or site that adds to the total investment, e.g. additional fuel storage, facilities for chipping of logs, conditions for foundation and harbour facilities. \nFinancial data and Technological specific data are essentially the total cost either divided by the electric net capacity, i.e. corresponding to the indicated name plate efficiencies, or by the thermal input. This is to indicate that new plants may not fully take advantage of the technical capabilities for full electricity production capacity. The two cost for electricity and thermal input, respectively, are not to be added up!"]
["K","Note that investments include only two days fuel storage, and more may be optimal, depending on fuel supply opportunities and heat supply obligations, amongst other things. \nThe additional investment is listed in the bottom row."]
["L","Includes the following processes: DeNOx (ammonia injection (SNCR) or catalytic (SCR)), SO2 capture by injection of lime or the use of another SO2 absorbing system, dust abatement by bag house filters"]

{"sheet":"09 Wood Pellets, Small","index":23,"n_rows":63,"n_cols":12,"rows_kept":63,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[58,1,58,11],[59,1,59,8],[60,1,60,11],[61,1,61,11],[62,1,62,11],[56,1,56,11],[55,1,55,11],[2,2,2,11],[3,6,3,7],[3,8,3,9],[18,9,18,11],[24,1,24,11],[30,1,30,11],[36,1,36,11],[49,1,49,11],[51,1,51,11],[53,1,53,11],[54,1,54,11]]}
[null,"Small Wood Pellets",null,null,null,null,null,"Back to Index"]
[]
[null,"Technology","09 Small Wood Pellets CHP,  20 MW feed, back pressure"]
[null,null,2015,2020,2030,2050,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty (2050)",null,"Note","Ref"]
[null,"Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper"]
[null,"Generating capacity for one unit (MWe)",3,3,3,3,2.9,3,2.9,3,"A"]
[null,"Electricity efficiency, net (%), name plate",15.1,15.1,14.9,14.9,15,15,15,15,"A, H",1]
[null,"Electricity efficiency, net (%), annual average",14.4,14.4,14.2,14.2,13,14,13,14,"A, H",1]
[null,"Heat efficiency, net (%), name plate",82.2,82.2,82.4,82.4,71,83,72,83,"B, H",1]
[null,"Heat efficiency, net (%), annual average",83,83,83.1,83.1,73,84,73,84,"B, H",1]
[null,"Additional heat potential with heat pumps (% of thermal input)",1.7,1.7,1.7,1.7,2,12,2,12,"C",1]
[null,"Cb coefficient (40°C/80°C)",0.18,0.18,0.18,0.18,0.18,0.19,0.18,0.18," "]
[null,"Cv coefficient (40°C/80°C)",1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,"I"]
[null,"Forced outage (%)",3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3]
[null,"Planned outage (weeks per year)",3,3,3,3,2.6,3.5,2.2999999999999998,3.8]
[null,"Technical lifetime (years)",25,25,25,25,20,35,20,35,null,1]
[null,"Construction time (years)",1,1,1,1,0.5,1.5,0.5,1.5,null,1]
[null,"Space requirement (1000 m2/MWe)",0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,0.4,0.6,0.4,0.6]
[null,""]
[null,"Primary regulation (% per 30 seconds)","NA","NA","NA","NA","NA","NA","NA","NA"]
[null,"Secondary regulation (% per minute)",10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,"D",1]
[null,"Minimum load (% of full load)",20,20,20,20,20,20,20,20,"D",1]
[null,"Warm start-up time (hours)",0.25,0.25,0.25,0.25,0.25,0.25,0.25,0.25,"G",1]
[null,"Cold start-up time (hours)",0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5," ",1]
[null,"Environment"]
[null,"SO2 (degree of desulphuring, %) ",98.3,98.3,98.3,98.3,95.6,99.1,98.3,99.1,"F, L",1]
[null,"NOX (g per GJ fuel) ",90,54,35,28,35,70,18,35,"F, L",1]
[null,"CH4 (g per GJ fuel)",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,"F, L",1]
[null,"N2O (g per GJ fuel)",1,1,1,1,1,3,0,1,"F, L",1]
[null,"Particles (g per GJ fuel)",2,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.1,2,0.1,1,"F, L",1]
[null,"Financial data                                 "]
[null,"Nominal investment (M€/MWe) ",6.3,6.2,6.2,5.6,5.4,7.6,4.7,7.7,"E, J, K, L",1]
[null," - of which equipment",4.0999999999999996,4,4.0999999999999996,3.8,3.5,5,3.2,5.0999999999999996,"K, L"]
[null," - of which installation",2.2000000000000002,2.1,2.1,1.9,1.9,2.5,1.6,2.6,"K, L"]
[null,"Fixed O&M (€/MWe/year)",280900,275900,274800,257800,243500,322400,204700,329400]
[null,"Variable O&M (€/MWh_e) ",3.4,3.4,3.4,3.4,2.9,3.9,2.6,4.3]
[null,"Technology specific data"]
[null,"Steam reheat","None","None","None","None","None","None","None","None"]
[null,"Flue gas condensation","Yes","Yes","Yes","Yes","No","Yes","No","Yes"]
[null,"Combustion air humidification","Yes","Yes","Yes","Yes","No","Yes","No","Yes"]
[null,"Nominal investment (M€/MW fuel input)",0.96,0.93,0.93,0.84,0.81,1.1399999999999999,0.71,1.1499999999999999,"E,J,K, L",1]
[null," - of which equipment",0.63,0.61,0.62,0.56000000000000005,0.53,0.76,0.47,0.76,"K, L"]
[null," - of which installation",0.33,0.32,0.31,0.28000000000000003,0.28000000000000003,0.38,0.23,0.39,"K, L"]
[null,"Fixed O&M (€/MW input/year)",42500,41700,41100,38500,35700,49100,30000,49500]
[null,"Variable O&M (€/MWh input)",0.51,0.51,0.51,0.51,0.43,0.59,0.38,0.64]
[null,"Fuel storage specific cost in excess of 2 days (M€/MW_input/storage day)",4.0000000000000001E-3,4.0000000000000001E-3,4.0000000000000001E-3,3.0000000000000001E-3,3.0000000000000001E-3,5.0000000000000001E-3,3.0000000000000001E-3,5.0000000000000001E-3,"K"]
[]
[]
["References:"]
[1,"Rambøll Danmark, internal evaluation based on either existing projects, supplier offers, or pre-project studies."]
["Notes:"]
["A","The plant is directly producing hot water for District Heating by burning fuel on a grate. The electric power is produced by an ORC module (Organic Rankine Cycle; Waste Heat Recovery - WHR). Refer for instance to the following link for further information about technology and suppliers: http://www.enova.no/upload_images/36AC689098414B05A7112FA2EE985BDA.pdf . This is low temperature and low efficiency electric power but at an affordable price."]
["B","Boilers up to 20 MW fuel input for hot water production are more or less standardized products with a high degree of fuel flexibility (type of biomass, humidity etc.)"]
["C","There are plants of this type with up to 110 % efficiency using flue gas condensation with moist wood chips and close to 120 % efficiency with both flue gas condensation and \nabsorption heat pumps activated. The colder the return temperature of the district heating, the higher the total efficiency at direct condensation. Direct condensation and combustion air humidification are included in all cases except in lower range of 2020 and 2050."]
["D","Secondary regulation normally relates to power production; for this type of plant it may not be of importance. Though, the load control of the heat production is important and most units will perform better than the figure shown. Also, minimum load could be substantially lower."]
["E","Since electricity generation is only a secondary objective for minor heat producers, it may make more sense to relate the total investment only to the thermail input."]
["F","It is anticipated that for the smaller units the supplier has a SNCR solutiuon to avoid NOx emissions sufficiently. Little SO2, CH4 and N2O are emitted when combusting wooddy biomass."]
["G","Warm start is starting with a glowing fuel layer on the grate."]
["H","The total efficiency is the sum of electricity  efficiency and heat efficiency, applicable for \"name plate\" and \"annual average\", respectively. The \"annual average\" electricity  efficiency is lower than \"name plate\" due to turbine outages and other incidents. The resulting lost power production is recovered as heat. This is why \"annual average\" heat efficiency is higher than \"name plate\" heat. Efficiencies refer to lower heating value. The parasitic electricity consumption has been subtracted in the listed electricity efficiencies."]
["I","The Cv value does not exist for plants with a back pressure turbine or an ORC turbine"]
["J","Investment applies to a standard plant. There could be cost related to the actual project or site that adds to the total investment, e.g. additional fuel storage, facilities for chipping of logs, conditions for foundation and harbour facilities. \nFinancial data and Technological specific data are essentially the total cost either divided by the electric net capacity, i.e. corresponding to the indicated name plate efficiencies, or by the thermal input. This is to indicate that new plants may not fully take advantage of the technical capabilities for full electricity production capacity. The two cost for electricity and thermal input, respectively, are not to be added up!"]
["K","Note that investments include only two days fuel storage, and more may be optimal, depending on fuel supply opportunities and heat supply obligations, amongst other things. \nThe additional investment is listed in the bottom row."]
["L","Includes the following processes: DeNOx (ammonia injection (SNCR) or catalytic (SCR)), SO2 capture by injection of lime or the use of another SO2 absorbing system, dust abatement by bag house filters"]

{"sheet":"09 Straw, Large","index":24,"n_rows":63,"n_cols":12,"rows_kept":63,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[62,1,62,11],[53,1,53,11],[2,2,2,11],[3,6,3,7],[3,8,3,9],[49,1,49,11],[51,1,51,11],[61,1,61,11],[54,1,54,11],[55,1,55,11],[56,1,56,11],[58,1,58,11],[59,1,59,8],[60,1,60,11]]}
[null,"Large Straw",null,null,null,null,null,"Back to Index"]
[]
[null,"Technology","09 Large Straw CHP,  132 MW feed, back pressure"]
[null,null,2015,2020,2030,2050,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty (2050)",null,"Note","Ref"]
[null,"Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper"]
[null,"Generating capacity for one unit (MWe)",40.700000000000003,40.700000000000003,40.9,40.9,39.1,53.4,40.299999999999997,54.5,"A"]
[null,"Electricity efficiency, net (%), name plate",30.9,30.9,30.9,30.9,30,40,30,41,"A, H",1]
[null,"Electricity efficiency, net (%), annual average",29.3,29.3,29.4,29.4,27,38,27,39,"A, H",1]
[null,"Heat efficiency, net (%), name plate",67.900000000000006,67.900000000000006,67.8,67.8,45,69,44,68,"B, H",1]
[null,"Heat efficiency, net (%), annual average",69.5,69.5,69.400000000000006,69.400000000000006,48,71,47,70,"B, H",1]
[null,"Additional heat potential with heat pumps (% of thermal input)",1.7,1.7,1.7,1.7,2,14,2,14,"C",1]
[null,"Cb coefficient (40°C/80°C)",0.45,0.45,0.46,0.46,0.44,0.6,0.45,0.61," "]
[null,"Cv coefficient (40°C/80°C)",1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,"I"]
[null,"Forced outage (%)",3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,null," "]
[null,"Planned outage (weeks per year)",3,3,3,3,2.6,3.5,2.2999999999999998,3.8]
[null,"Technical lifetime (years)",25,25,25,25,20,35,20,35,null,1]
[null,"Construction time (years)",3,3,3,3,2.5,3.5,2,3.5,null,1]
[null,"Space requirement (1000 m2/MWe)",0.2,0.2,0.2,0.2,0.2,0.3,0.2,0.3,null," "]
[null,""]
[null,"Primary regulation (% per 30 seconds)",2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2]
[null,"Secondary regulation (% per minute)",4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,"D",1]
[null,"Minimum load (% of full load)",40,40,40,40,40,40,40,40]
[null,"Warm start-up time (hours)",2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,"E",1]
[null,"Cold start-up time (hours)",8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8," ",1]
[null,"Environment"]
[null,"SO2 (degree of desulphuring, %) ",95.5,96.4,99.1,99.8,90.9,99.8,95.5,99.9,"F, L",1]
[null,"NOX (g per GJ fuel) ",84,67,36,18,18,84,7,36,"F, L",1]
[null,"CH4 (g per GJ fuel)",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,"F, L",1]
[null,"N2O (g per GJ fuel)",1,1,1,1,1,3,0,1,"F, L",1]
[null,"Particles (g per GJ fuel)",0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.1,2,0.1,1,"F, L",1]
[null,"Financial data                                 "]
[null,"Nominal investment (M€/MWe) ",3.5,3.5,3.3,3,2.9,4.0999999999999996,2.4,4.0999999999999996,"J,K,L",1]
[null," - of which equipment",2.2000000000000002,2.1,2,1.8,1.8,2.5,1.5,2.5,"J,K,L"]
[null," - of which installation",1.4,1.3,1.3,1.1000000000000001,1.2,1.6,0.9,1.6,"J,K,L"]
[null,"Fixed O&M (€/MWe/year)",128700,124900,117300,104700,109600,110400,81500,101600,"J"]
[null,"Variable O&M (€/MWh_e) ",1.9,1.9,1.9,1.9,1.7,2.2000000000000002,1.5,2.4,"J"]
[null,"Technology specific data"]
[null,"Steam reheat","None","None","None","None","None","Yes","None","Yes"]
[null,"Flue gas condensation","Yes","Yes","Yes","Yes","No","Yes","No","Yes"]
[null,"Combustion air humidification","Yes","Yes","Yes","Yes","No","Yes","No","Yes"]
[null,"Nominal investment (M€/MW fuel input)",1.0900000000000001,1.07,1.01,0.92,0.9,1.25,0.74,1.26,"J,K,L",1]
[null," - of which equipment",0.67,0.66,0.63,0.56999999999999995,0.55000000000000004,0.77,0.45,0.78,"K,L"]
[null," - of which installation",0.42,0.41,0.39,0.35,0.36,0.48,0.28999999999999998,0.48,"K,L"]
[null,"Fixed O&M (€/MW input/year)",39700,38500,36300,32400,32500,44600,24900,41900,"J"]
[null,"Variable O&M (€/MWh input)",0.6,0.6,0.6,0.6,0.51,0.69,0.45,0.75,"J"]
[null,"Fuel storage specific cost in excess of 2 days (M€/MW_input/storage day)",6.5000000000000002E-2,6.3E-2,0.06,5.5E-2,5.5E-2,7.4999999999999997E-2,4.4999999999999998E-2,7.4999999999999997E-2,"K"]
[]
[]
["References:"]
[1,"Rambøll Danmark, internal evaluation based on either existing projects, supplier offers, or pre-project studies."]
["Notes:"]
["A","The boiler in the plant is grate fired producing steam to be used in a subsequent back pressure steam turbine. Though a grate is reasonable flexible with respect to combusting different fuels the fuel feed system will be dependent on the type of fuel used. "]
["B"," Through a turbine by-pass all the produced steam energy can be used for District Heat production."]
["C","Since straw is relatively dry there is often only a minor efficiency advantage in using flue gas condensation. There is though an environmental advantage in having a scrubber in the flue gas stream. Direct condensation and combustion air humidification are included in all cases except in lower range of 2020 and 2050."]
["D","Secondary regulation normally relates to power production; for this type of plant it may not be of importance since load will normally follow heat consumption. "]
["E","A limiting factor for the hot and cold start-up times is the size of the hot water tank (deaerator)."]
["F","For NOx-emissions no lower than 40 g/GJ SNCR is assumed. It is probably necessary to include a tail-end SCR catalyst to fulfill expected BREF requirements, particularly after year 2030. \nThis has slight adverse effect on the electricity  efficiency."]
["G","Warm start is starting with a glowing fuel layer on the grate and a warm deaerator."]
["H","The total efficiency is the sum of electricity  efficiency and heat efficiency, applicable for \"name plate\" and \"annual average\", respectively. The \"annual average\" electricity  efficiency is lower than \"name plate\" due to turbine outages and other incidents. The resulting lost power production is recovered as heat. This is why \"annual average\" heat efficiency is higher than \"name plate\" heat. Efficiencies refer to lower heating value. The parasitic electricity consumption has been subtracted in the listed electricity efficiencies."]
["I","The Cv value does not exist for plants with a back pressure turbine or an ORC turbine"]
["J","Investment applies to a standard plant. There could be cost related to the actual project or site that adds to the total investment, e.g. additional fuel storage, facilities for chipping of logs, conditions for foundation and harbour facilities. \nFinancial data and Technological specific data are essentially the total cost either divided by the electric net capacity, i.e. corresponding to the indicated name plate efficiencies, or by the thermal input. This is to indicate that new plants may not fully take advantage of the technical capabilities for full electricity production capacity. The two cost for electricity and thermal input, respectively, are not to be added up!"]
["K","Note that investments include only two days fuel storage, and more may be optimal, depending on fuel supply opportunities and heat supply obligations, amongst other things. \nThe additional investment is listed in the bottom row."]
["L","Includes the following processes: DeNOx (ammonia injection (SNCR) or catalytic (SCR)), SO2 capture by injection of lime or the use of another SO2 absorbing system, dust abatement by bag house filters"]

{"sheet":"09 Straw, Medium","index":25,"n_rows":63,"n_cols":12,"rows_kept":63,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[54,1,54,11],[60,1,60,11],[61,1,61,11],[30,1,30,11],[36,1,36,11],[49,1,49,11],[51,1,51,11],[53,1,53,11],[2,2,2,11],[3,6,3,7],[3,8,3,9],[18,9,18,11],[24,1,24,11],[55,1,55,11],[56,1,56,11],[58,1,58,11],[59,1,59,8],[62,1,62,11]]}
[null,"Medium Straw",null,null,null,null,null,"Back to Index"]
[]
[null,"Technology","09 Medium Straw CHP,  80 MW feed, back pressure"]
[null,null,2015,2020,2030,2050,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty (2050)",null,"Note","Ref"]
[null,"Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper"]
[null,"Generating capacity for one unit (MWe)",24.8,24.4,24.5,24.5,23.5,25.1,24.1,25.2,"A"]
[null,"Electricity efficiency, net (%), name plate",31,30.5,30.6,30.6,29,31,30,32,"A, H",1]
[null,"Electricity efficiency, net (%), annual average",29.4,29,29.1,29.1,26,30,27,30,"A, H",1]
[null,"Heat efficiency, net (%), name plate",67.3,67.7,67.599999999999994,67.599999999999994,54,69,54,68,"B, H",1]
[null,"Heat efficiency, net (%), annual average",68.8,69.3,69.2,69.2,57,71,57,70,"B, H",1]
[null,"Additional heat potential with heat pumps (% of thermal input)",1.7,1.7,1.7,1.7,2,14,2,14,"C",1]
[null,"Cb coefficient (40°C/80°C)",0.46,0.45,0.45,0.45,0.43,0.46,0.45,0.47," "]
[null,"Cv coefficient (40°C/80°C)",1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,"I"]
[null,"Forced outage (%)",4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,null," "]
[null,"Planned outage (weeks per year)",4,4,4,4,3.4,4.5999999999999996,3,5]
[null,"Technical lifetime (years)",25,25,25,25,20,35,20,35,null,1]
[null,"Construction time (years)",2.5,2.5,2.5,2.5,2,3,1.5,3,null,1]
[null,"Space requirement (1000 m2/MWe)",0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.2,0.3,0.2,0.4,null," "]
[null,""]
[null,"Primary regulation (% per 30 seconds)","NA","NA","NA","NA","NA","NA","NA","NA"]
[null,"Secondary regulation (% per minute)",4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,"D",1]
[null,"Minimum load (% of full load)",40,40,40,40,40,40,40,40]
[null,"Warm start-up time (hours)",2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,"E",1]
[null,"Cold start-up time (hours)",8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8," ",1]
[null,"Environment"]
[null,"SO2 (degree of desulphuring, %) ",95.5,96.4,99.1,99.8,90.9,99.8,95.5,99.9,"F, L",1]
[null,"NOX (g per GJ fuel) ",87,70,47,29,18,87,7,47,"F, L",1]
[null,"CH4 (g per GJ fuel)",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,"F, L",1]
[null,"N2O (g per GJ fuel)",1,1,1,1,1,3,0,1,"F, L",1]
[null,"Particles (g per GJ fuel)",2,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.1,2,0.1,1,"F, L",1]
[null,"Financial data                                 "]
[null,"Nominal investment (M€/MWe) ",3.7,3.8,3.6,3.3,3.1,4.5,2.6,4.5,"J,K,L",1]
[null," - of which equipment",2.2999999999999998,2.2999999999999998,2.2000000000000002,2,1.8,2.7,1.6,2.8,"J,K,L",1]
[null," - of which installation",1.5,1.5,1.4,1.3,1.3,1.7,1,1.7,"J,K,L",1]
[null,"Fixed O&M (€/MWe/year)",150400,149900,141100,126300,129400,168700,98000,158100,"J",1]
[null,"Variable O&M (€/MWh_e) ",1.9,2,2,2,1.7,2.2999999999999998,1.5,2.4,"J",1]
[null,"Technology specific data"]
[null,"Steam reheat","None","None","None","None","None","None","None","None"]
[null,"Flue gas condensation","Yes","Yes","Yes","Yes","No","Yes","No","Yes"]
[null,"Combustion air humidification","Yes","Yes","Yes","Yes","No","Yes","No","Yes"]
[null,"Nominal investment (M€/MW fuel input)",1.1599999999999999,1.1599999999999999,1.1000000000000001,1,0.95,1.36,0.81,1.37,"J,K,L",1]
[null," - of which equipment",0.7,0.71,0.68,0.62,0.56000000000000005,0.84,0.49,0.84,"K,L"]
[null," - of which installation",0.46,0.45,0.42,0.38,0.39,0.53,0.32,0.53,"K,L"]
[null,"Fixed O&M (€/MW input/year)",46600,45800,43200,38700,38000,53000,29600,49900,"J"]
[null,"Variable O&M (€/MWh input)",0.6,0.6,0.6,0.6,0.51,0.69,0.45,0.75,"J"]
[null,"Fuel storage specific cost in excess of 2 days (M€/MW_input/storage day)",7.0000000000000007E-2,6.8000000000000005E-2,6.5000000000000002E-2,5.8999999999999997E-2,0.06,8.1000000000000003E-2,4.9000000000000002E-2,8.1000000000000003E-2,"K"]
[]
[]
["References:"]
[1,"Rambøll Danmark, internal evaluation based on either existing projects, supplier offers, or pre-project studies."]
["Notes:"]
["A","The boiler in the plant is grate fired producing steam to be used in a subsequent back pressure steam turbine. Though a grate is reasonable flexible with respect to combusting different fuels the fuel feed system will be dependent on the type of fuel used. "]
["B"," Through a turbine by-pass all the produced steam energy can be used for District Heat production."]
["C","Since straw is relatively dry there is often only a minor efficiency advantage in using flue gas condensation. There is though an environmental advantage in having a scrubber in the flue gas stream. Direct condensation and combustion air humidification are included in all cases except in lower range of 2020 and 2050."]
["D","Secondary regulation normally relates to power production; for this type of plant it may not be of importance since load will normally follow heat consumption. "]
["E","A limiting factor for the hot and cold start-up times is the size of the hot water tank (deaerator)."]
["F","For NOx-emissions no lower than 40 g/GJ SNCR is assumed. It is probably necessary to include a tail-end SCR catalyst to fulfill expected BREF requirements, particularly after year 2030. This has slight adverse effect on the electricity  efficiency."]
["G","Warm start is starting with a glowing fuel layer on the grate and a warm deaerator."]
["H","The total efficiency is the sum of electricity  efficiency and heat efficiency, applicable for \"name plate\" and \"annual average\", respectively. The \"annual average\" electricity  efficiency is lower than \"name plate\" due to turbine outages and other incidents. The resulting lost power production is recovered as heat. This is why \"annual average\" heat efficiency is higher than \"name plate\" heat. Efficiencies refer to lower heating value. The parasitic electricity consumption has been subtracted in the listed electricity efficiencies."]
["I","The Cv value does not exist for plants with a back pressure turbine or an ORC turbine"]
["J","Investment applies to a standard plant. There could be cost related to the actual project or site that adds to the total investment, e.g. additional fuel storage, facilities for chipping of logs, conditions for foundation and harbour facilities. \nFinancial data and Technological specific data are essentially the total cost either divided by the electric net capacity, i.e. corresponding to the indicated name plate efficiencies, or by the thermal input. This is to indicate that new plants may not fully take advantage of the technical capabilities for full electricity production capacity. The two cost for electricity and thermal input, respectively, are not to be added up!"]
["K","Note that investments include only two days fuel storage, and more may be optimal, depending on fuel supply opportunities and heat supply obligations, amongst other things. \nThe additional investment is listed in the bottom row."]
["L","Includes the following processes: DeNOx (ammonia injection (SNCR) or catalytic (SCR)), SO2 capture by injection of lime or the use of another SO2 absorbing system, dust abatement by bag house filters"]

{"sheet":"09 Straw, Small","index":26,"n_rows":63,"n_cols":12,"rows_kept":63,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[30,1,30,11],[36,1,36,11],[49,1,49,11],[60,1,60,11],[61,1,61,11],[51,1,51,11],[53,1,53,11],[2,2,2,11],[3,6,3,7],[3,8,3,9],[18,9,18,11],[24,1,24,11],[54,1,54,11],[56,1,56,11],[58,1,58,11],[59,1,59,8],[62,1,62,11],[55,1,55,11]]}
[null,"Small Straw",null,null,null,null,null,"Back to Index"]
[]
[null,"Technology","09 Small Straw CHP,  20 MW feed, back pressure"]
[null,null,2015,2020,2030,2050,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty (2050)",null,"Note","Ref"]
[null,"Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper"]
[null,"Generating capacity for one unit (MWe)",3,3,3,3,3,3,2.9,3,"A"]
[null,"Electricity efficiency, net (%), name plate",15,15,15,14.8,15,15,15,15,"A, H",1]
[null,"Electricity efficiency, net (%), annual average",14.2,14.2,14.3,14.1,13,14,13,14,"A, H",1]
[null,"Heat efficiency, net (%), name plate",84.2,84.2,84.2,84.4,72,85,71,85,"B, H",1]
[null,"Heat efficiency, net (%), annual average",85,85,84.9,85.1,74,85,73,86,"B, H",1]
[null,"Additional heat potential with heat pumps (% of thermal input)",1.7,1.7,1.7,1.7,2,13,2,14,"C",1]
[null,"Cb coefficient (40°C/80°C)",0.18,0.18,0.18,0.18,0.18,0.18,0.17,0.18," "]
[null,"Cv coefficient (40°C/80°C)",1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,"I"]
[null,"Forced outage (%)",4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4]
[null,"Planned outage (weeks per year)",4,4,4,4,3.4,4.5999999999999996,3,5]
[null,"Technical lifetime (years)",25,25,25,25,20,35,20,35,null,1]
[null,"Construction time (years)",1,1,1,1,0.5,1.5,0.5,1.5,null,1]
[null,"Space requirement (1000 m2/MWe)",1,1,1,1,0.9,1.2,0.8,1.3]
[null,""]
[null,"Primary regulation (% per 30 seconds)","NA","NA","NA","NA","NA","NA","NA","NA"]
[null,"Secondary regulation (% per minute)",10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,"D",1]
[null,"Minimum load (% of full load)",50,50,50,50,50,50,50,50,"D",1]
[null,"Warm start-up time (hours)",0.25,0.25,0.25,0.25,0.25,0.25,0.25,0.25,"G",1]
[null,"Cold start-up time (hours)",0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5," ",1]
[null,"Environment"]
[null,"SO2 (degree of desulphuring, %) ",95.5,96.4,99.1,99.8,90.9,99.8,95.5,99.9,"F, L",1]
[null,"NOX (g per GJ fuel) ",90,72,55,44,55,90,44,55,"F, L",1]
[null,"CH4 (g per GJ fuel)",16,11,8,4,4,16,2,16,"F, L",1]
[null,"N2O (g per GJ fuel)",1,1,1,1,1,3,0,1,"F, L",1]
[null,"Particles (g per GJ fuel)",2,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.1,2,0.1,1,"F, L",1]
[null,"Financial data                                 "]
[null,"Nominal investment (M€/MWe) ",7,6.8,6.4,6.2,5.9,8,5.2,8.4,"E,J,K,L",1]
[null," - of which equipment",3.9,3.8,3.6,3.6,3.3,4.5,3,4.9000000000000004,"K,L"]
[null," - of which installation",3,3,2.8,2.6,2.6,3.5,2.1,3.6,"K,L"]
[null,"Fixed O&M (€/MWe/year)",323800,318200,306800,298000,276300,365100,235200,378700,"J"]
[null,"Variable O&M (€/MWh_e) ",4,4,4,4,3.4,4.5999999999999996,3,5.0999999999999996,"J"]
[null,"Technology specific data"]
[null,"Steam reheat","None","None","None","None","None","None","None","None"]
[null,"Flue gas condensation","Yes","Yes","Yes","Yes","No","Yes","No","Yes"]
[null,"Combustion air humidification","Yes","Yes","Yes","Yes","No","Yes","No","Yes"]
[null,"Nominal investment (M€/MW fuel input)",1.05,1.02,0.97,0.92,0.89,1.2,0.77,1.25,"E,J,K,L",1]
[null," - of which equipment",0.59,0.57999999999999996,0.55000000000000004,0.53,0.5,0.68,0.45,0.72,"K,L"]
[null," - of which installation",0.46,0.44,0.42,0.38,0.39,0.52,0.32,0.53,"K,L"]
[null,"Fixed O&M (€/MW input/year)",48600,47700,46100,44100,40800,55300,34200,56500,"J"]
[null,"Variable O&M (€/MWh input)",0.6,0.6,0.6,0.6,0.51,0.69,0.45,0.75,"J"]
[null,"Fuel storage specific cost in excess of 2 days (M€/MW_input/storage day)",0.08,7.8E-2,7.3999999999999996E-2,6.7000000000000004E-2,6.8000000000000005E-2,9.1999999999999998E-2,5.6000000000000001E-2,9.2999999999999999E-2,"K"]
[]
[]
["References:"]
[1,"Rambøll Danmark, internal evaluation based on either existing projects, supplier offers, or pre-project studies. NOTICE: There are to our knowledge no references on ORC plants running on straw."]
["Notes:"]
["A","The plant is directly producing hot water for District Heating by burning fuel on a grate. The electric power is produced by an ORC module (Organic Rankine Cycle; Waste Heat Recovery - WHR). Refer for instance to the following link for further information about technology and suppliers: http://www.enova.no/upload_images/36AC689098414B05A7112FA2EE985BDA.pdf . This is low temperature and low efficiency electric power but at an affordable price."]
["B","Boilers up to 20 MW fuel input for hot water production are more or less standardized products with a high degree of fuel flexibility (type of biomass, humidity etc.)"]
["C","Since straw is relatively dry there is often only a minor efficiency advantage in using flue gas condensation. There is though an environmental advantage in having a scrubber in the flue gas stream. Direct condensation and combustion air humidification are included in all cases except in lower range of 2020 and 2050."]
["D","Secondary regulation normally relates to power production; for this type of plant it may not be of importance. Though, the load control of the heat production is important and most units will perform better than the figure shown. Also, minimum load could be substantially lower."]
["E","Since electricity generation is only a secondary objective for minor heat producers, it may make more sense to relate the total investment only to the heat production capacity."]
["F","It is anticipated that for the smaller units the supplier has a SNCR solutiuon to limit NOx emissions. SO2, CH4 and N2O emissions are low when combusting biomass."]
["G","Warm start is starting with a glowing fuel layer on the grate."]
["H","The total efficiency is the sum of electricity  efficiency and heat efficiency, applicable for \"name plate\" and \"annual average\", respectively. The \"annual average\" electricity  efficiency is lower than \"name plate\" due to turbine outages and other incidents. The resulting lost power production is recovered as heat. This is why \"annual average\" heat efficiency is higher than \"name plate\" heat. Efficiencies refer to lower heating value. The parasitic electricity consumption has been subtracted in the listed electricity efficiencies. "]
["I","The Cv value does not exist for plants with a back pressure turbine or an ORC turbine"]
["J","Investment applies to a standard plant. There could be cost related to the actual project or site that adds to the total investment, e.g. additional fuel storage, facilities for chipping of logs, conditions for foundation and harbour facilities. \nFinancial data and Technological specific data are essentially the total cost either divided by the electric net capacity, i.e. corresponding to the indicated name plate efficiencies, or by the thermal input. This is to indicate that new plants may not fully take advantage of the technical capabilities for full electricity production capacity. The two cost for electricity and thermal input, respectively, are not to be added up!"]
["K","Note that investments include only two days fuel storage, and more may be optimal, depending on fuel supply opportunities and heat supply obligations, amongst other things. \nThe additional investment is listed in the bottom row."]
["L","Includes the following processes: DeNOx (ammonia injection (SNCR) or catalytic (SCR)), SO2 capture by injection of lime or the use of another SO2 absorbing system, dust abatement by bag house filters"]

{"sheet":"09 Wood Chips HOP","index":27,"n_rows":61,"n_cols":12,"rows_kept":61,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[60,1,60,11],[2,2,2,11],[3,6,3,7],[3,8,3,9],[47,1,47,11],[49,1,49,11],[51,1,51,11],[52,1,52,11],[53,1,53,11],[54,1,54,11],[55,1,55,11],[57,1,57,9]]}
[null,"Technology ",null,null,null,null,null,"Back to Index"]
[]
[null,"Technology","Wood Chips, HOP, 6 MW feed"]
[null,null,2015,2020,2030,2050,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty (2050)",null,"Note","Ref"]
[null,"Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper"]
[null,"Heat generation capacity for one unit (MW)",6.9,6.9,6.9,6.9,5.3,6.9,5.3,6.9,"A",1]
[null,"Total efficiency, net (%), name plate",114.9,114.9,114.9,114.9,89,115,89,115,"B,C",1]
[null,"Total efficiency , net (%), annual average",114.9,114.9,114.9,114.9,89,115,89,115,"B,C",1]
[null,"Additional heat potential with heat pumps (% of thermal input)",2,2,2,2,2,28,2,28,"D",1]
[null,"Auxiliary electricity consumption (% of heat gen)",2.2999999999999998,2.2999999999999998,2.2999999999999998,2.2999999999999998,2.2000000000000002,2.5,1.8,2.5,"C,K"]
[null,"Forced outage (%)",3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3]
[null,"Planned outage (weeks per year)",2,2,2,2,1.7,2.2999999999999998,1.5,2.5]
[null,"Technical lifetime (years)",25,25,25,25,20,35,20,35,null,1]
[null,"Construction time (years)",1,1,1,1,0.5,1.5,0.5,1.5,null,1]
[null,"Space requirement (1000 m2/MWth heat output)",0.2,0.2,0.2,0.2,0.2,0.3,0.2,0.3," "]
[null,""]
[null,"Primary regulation (% per 30 seconds)","NA","NA","NA","NA","NA","NA","NA","NA"]
[null,"Secondary regulation (% per minute)",10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,"E",1]
[null,"Minimum load (% of full load)",20,20,20,20,20,20,20,20,"E",1]
[null,"Warm start-up time (hours)",0.25,0.25,0.25,0.25,0.25,0.25,0.25,0.25,"H",1]
[null,"Cold start-up time (hours)",0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,null,1]
[null,"Environment"]
[null,"SO2 (degree of desulphuring, %) ",98,98,98,98,89.9,99,98,99,"G",1]
[null,"NOX (g per GJ fuel) ",90,63,49,41,41,81,28,41,"I"]
[null,"CH4 (g per GJ fuel)",16,11,8,4,4,16,2,16,"I"]
[null,"N2O (g per GJ fuel)",4,3,3,1,1,4,1,4,"I"]
[null,"Particles (g per GJ fuel)",2,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.1,2,0.1,1,"I"]
[null,"Financial data                                 "]
[null,"Nominal investment (M€/MWth - heat output) ",0.7,0.68,0.65,0.59,0.6,0.81,0.49,0.81,"F, L"]
[null," - of which equipment",0.41,0.4,0.38,0.34,0.35,0.47,0.28000000000000003,0.47,"F, L"]
[null," - of which installation",0.3,0.28999999999999998,0.27,0.25,0.25,0.34,0.21,0.34,"F, L"]
[null,"Fixed O&M (€/MWth/year), heat output",32800,32200,31200,29300,35800,37300,29300,37600]
[null,"Variable O&M (€/MWh) heat output",1,1,1,1,0.8,1.1000000000000001,0.7,1.2]
[null,"Technology specific data"]
[null,"Flue gas condensation","Yes","Yes","Yes","Yes","No","Yes","No","Yes","J, L"]
[null,"Combustion air humidification","Yes","Yes","Yes","Yes","No","Yes","No","Yes","J, L"]
[null,"Nominal investment (M€/MW fuel input)",0.81,0.79,0.75,0.68,0.69,0.93,0.56000000000000005,0.94,"J, L",1]
[null," - of which equipment",0.47,0.46,0.43,0.39,0.4,0.54,0.32,0.54,"L"]
[null," - of which installation",0.34,0.33,0.32,0.28999999999999998,0.28999999999999998,0.39,0.24,0.39,"L"]
[null,"Fixed O&M (€/MW input/year)",37700,37100,35900,33700,31700,42900,26000,43300]
[null,"Variable O&M (€/MWh input)",2.5,2.7,3.4,3.7,2.4,3,2.9,4.3]
[null," - of which is electricity costs (€/MWh)",1.4,1.6,2.2999999999999998,2.6,1.5,1.7,2.1,2.9,"C"]
[null," - of which is other O&M costs (€/MWh)",1.1000000000000001,1.1000000000000001,1.1000000000000001,1.1000000000000001,0.9,1.3,0.8,1.4]
[null,"Fuel storage specific cost in excess of 2 days (M€/MW_input/storage day)",0.02,0.02,1.9E-2,1.7000000000000001E-2,1.7000000000000001E-2,2.3E-2,1.4E-2,2.3E-2,"L"]
[]
[]
["References:"]
[1,"Rambøll Danmark, internal evaluation based on either existing projects, supplier offers, or pre-project studies."]
["Notes:"]
["A","The plant is directly producing hot water for District Heating by burning fuel on a grate."]
["B","Boilers up to 20 MW fuel input for hot water production are more or less standardized products with a high degree of fuel flexibility (type of biomass, humidity etc.)"]
["C","Efficiencies refer to lower heating value. The stated total efficiency does NOT consider auxiliary electricity consumption. It describes the total net amount of heat produced at the plant. This is contrary to CHP where the auxiliary electricity  is subtracted from the production to yield the net electricity efficiency. Instead the cost of auxiliary electricity consumption is included in variable O&M and is calculated using the following electricity prices in €/MWh: 2015: 63, 2020: 69, 2030: 101, 2050: 117. These prices include production costs and transport tariffs, but not any taxes or subsidies for renewable energy."]
["D","There are plants of this type with up to 108 % efficiency using flue gas condensation with moist wood chips and close to 115 % efficiency with both flue gas condensation and \nabsorption heat pumps activated. The colder the return temperature of the district heating, the higher the total efficiency at direct condensation. Direct condensation and combustion air humidification are included in all cases except in lower range of 2020 and 2050. "]
["E","Load control of the heat production is important and units of this size can make rapid load variations. Similarly, the minimum load is quite low"]
["F","Reference to heat output because of the lack of electricity  production "]
["G","assuming content of sulphur in fuel of 20 g/GJ"]
["H","Warm start is starting with a glowing fuel layer on the grate."]
["I","Estimated from: Nielsen, M., Nielsen, O.-K., Plejdrup, M. & Hjelgaard, K., 2010: Danish Emission Inventories for Stationary Combustion Plants. Inventories until 2008. National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University, Denmark. 236 pp. – NERI Technical Report No. 795.\nhttp://www.dmu.dk/Pub/FR795.pdf."]
["J","The nominal investment is in the range 0.6 to 1.1 M€/Mwth"]
["K","Result of model calculation, there are reports of DH plants operating at lower power consumption, down to 1% of heat generation."]
["L","Note that investments include only two days fuel storage, and more may be optimal, depending on fuel supply opportunities and heat supply obligations, amongst other things. \nThe additional investment is listed in the bottom row."]

{"sheet":"09 Wood Pellets HOP","index":28,"n_rows":60,"n_cols":12,"rows_kept":60,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[51,1,51,11],[2,2,2,11],[3,6,3,7],[3,8,3,9],[47,1,47,11],[49,1,49,11],[52,1,52,11],[53,1,53,11],[54,1,54,11],[55,1,55,11],[59,1,59,11]]}
[null,"Technology ",null,null,null,null,null,"Back to Index"]
[]
[null,"Technology","Wood Pellets, HOP, 6 MW feed"]
[null,null,2015,2020,2030,2050,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty (2050)",null,"Note","Ref"]
[null,"Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper"]
[null,"Heat generation capacity for one unit (MW)",6,6,6,6,5.4,6,5.4,6,"A",1]
[null,"Total efficiency, net (%), name plate",100.1,100.1,100.1,100.1,90,100,90,100,"B,C",1]
[null,"Total efficiency , net (%), annual average",100.1,100.1,100.1,100.1,90,100,90,100,"B,C",1]
[null,"Additional heat potential with heat pumps (% of thermal input)",1.7,1.7,1.7,1.7,2,12,2,12,"D",1]
[null,"Auxiliary electricity consumption (% of heat gen)",2.1,2.1,2.1,2.1,1.8,2.2999999999999998,1.4,2.2999999999999998,"C,K"]
[null,"Forced outage (%)",3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3]
[null,"Planned outage (weeks per year)",3,3,3,3,2.6,3.5,2.2999999999999998,3.8]
[null,"Technical lifetime (years)",25,25,25,25,20,35,20,35,null,1]
[null,"Construction time (years)",1,1,1,1,0.5,1.5,0.5,1.5,null,1]
[null,"Space requirement (1000 m2/MWth heat output)",0.2,0.2,0.2,0.2,0.1,0.2,0.1,0.2]
[null,""]
[null,"Primary regulation (% per 30 seconds)","NA","NA","NA","NA","NA","NA","NA","NA"]
[null,"Secondary regulation (% per minute)",10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,"E",1]
[null,"Minimum load (% of full load)",40,40,40,40,40,40,40,40,"E",1]
[null,"Warm start-up time (hours)",0.25,0.25,0.25,0.25,0.25,0.25,0.25,0.25,"H",1]
[null,"Cold start-up time (hours)",0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5," ",1]
[null,"Environment"]
[null,"SO2 (degree of desulphuring, %) ",98.3,98.3,98.3,98.3,91.3,99.1,98.3,99.1,"G",1]
[null,"NOX (g per GJ fuel) ",90,54,42,35,35,70,25,35,"G",1]
[null,"CH4 (g per GJ fuel)",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,"G",1]
[null,"N2O (g per GJ fuel)",1,1,1,1,1,3,0,1,"G",1]
[null,"Particles (g per GJ fuel)",2,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.1,2,0.1,1,"G",1]
[null,"Financial data                                 "]
[null,"Nominal investment (M€/MWth - heat output) ",0.74,0.72,0.69,0.67,0.63,0.9,0.56999999999999995,0.91,"F, L"]
[null," - of which equipment",0.45,0.44,0.42,0.43,0.38,0.56999999999999995,0.36,0.56999999999999995,"F, L"]
[null," - of which installation",0.28999999999999998,0.28000000000000003,0.27,0.24,0.25,0.33,0.2,0.34,"F, L"]
[null,"Fixed O&M (€/MWth/year), heat output",34000,33000,31300,29200,31700,39200,25600,37400,"F"]
[null,"Variable O&M (€/MWh) heat output",0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,0.4,0.6,0.4,0.6,"F"]
[null,"Technology specific data"]
[null,"Flue gas condensation","Yes","Yes","Yes","Yes","No","Yes","No","Yes","J"]
[null,"Combustion air humidification","Yes","Yes","Yes","Yes","No","Yes","No","Yes","J"]
[null,"Nominal investment (M€/MW fuel input)",0.74,0.72,0.69,0.67,0.63,0.9,0.56999999999999995,0.91,"J, L",1]
[null," - of which equipment",0.45,0.44,0.42,0.43,0.38,0.56999999999999995,0.36,0.56999999999999995,"L"]
[null," - of which installation",0.28999999999999998,0.28000000000000003,0.27,0.24,0.25,0.34,0.2,0.34,"L"]
[null,"Fixed O&M (€/MW input/year)",34000,33100,31300,29300,28300,39300,22900,37500]
[null,"Variable O&M (€/MWh input)",1.8,1.9,2.6,2.9,1.6,2.2000000000000002,2.1,3.3]
[null," - of which is electricity costs (€/MWh)",1.3,1.4,2.1,2.4,1.2,1.6,1.7,2.7,"C"]
[null," - of which is other O&M costs (€/MWh)",0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,0.4,0.6,0.4,0.6]
[null,"Fuel storage specific cost in excess of 2 days (M€/MW_input/storage day)",4.0000000000000001E-3,4.0000000000000001E-3,4.0000000000000001E-3,3.0000000000000001E-3,3.0000000000000001E-3,5.0000000000000001E-3,3.0000000000000001E-3,5.0000000000000001E-3,"L"]
[]
[]
["References:"]
[1,"Rambøll Danmark, internal evaluation based on either existing projects, supplier offers, or pre-project studies."]
["Notes:"]
["A","The plant is directly producing hot water for District Heating by burning fuel on a grate."]
["B","Boilers up to 20 MW fuel input for hot water production are more or less standardized products with a high degree of fuel flexibility (type of biomass, humidity etc.)"]
["C","The stated total efficiency does NOT consider auxiliary electricity consumption. It describes the total net amount of heat produced at the plant. This is contrary to CHP where the auxiliary electricity  is subtracted from the production to yield the net electricity efficiency. Instead the cost of auxiliary electricity consumption is included in variable O&M and is calculated using the following electricity prices in €/MWh: 2015: 63, 2020: 69, 2030: 101, 2050: 117. These prices include production costs and transport tariffs, but not any taxes or subsidies for renewable energy."]
["D","There are plants of this type with up to 108 % efficiency using flue gas condensation with moist wood chips and close to 115 % efficiency with both flue gas condensation and \nabsorption heat pumps activated. The colder the return temperature of the district heating, the higher the total efficiency at direct condensation. Direct condensation and combustion air humidification are included in all cases except in lower range of 2020 and 2050."]
["E","Load control of the heat production is important and units of this size can make rapid load variations. Similarly, the minimum load is quite low"]
["F","Reference to heat output because of the lack of electricity  production "]
["G","Emissions shall comply with Danish EPA guideline, Luftvejledningen. \nIt is anticipated that for the smaller units the supplier has an SNCR solutiuon to reduce NOx emissions sufficiently. "]
["I","Warm start is starting with a glowing fuel layer on the grate."]
["J","The nominal investment is in the range 0.6 to 1.1 M€/Mwth"]
["K","Result of model calculation, there are reports of DH plants operating at lower power consumption"]
["L","Note that investments include only two days fuel storage, and more may be optimal, depending on fuel supply opportunities and heat supply obligations, amongst other things. \nThe additional investment is listed in the bottom row."]

{"sheet":"09 Straw HOP","index":29,"n_rows":60,"n_cols":12,"rows_kept":60,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[51,1,51,11],[2,2,2,11],[3,6,3,7],[3,8,3,9],[47,1,47,11],[49,1,49,11],[52,1,52,11],[53,1,53,11],[54,1,54,11],[55,1,55,11],[59,1,59,11]]}
[null,"Technology ",null,null,null,null,null,"Back to Index"]
[]
[null,"Technology","Straw, HOP, 6 MW feed"]
[null,null,2015,2020,2030,2050,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty (2050)",null,"Note","Ref"]
[null,"Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper"]
[null,"Heat generation capacity for one unit (MW)",6.1,6.1,6.1,6.1,5.4,6.1,5.4,6.1,"A",1]
[null,"Total efficiency, net (%), name plate",102.1,102.1,102.1,102.1,89,102,89,102,"B,C",1]
[null,"Total efficiency , net (%), annual average",102.1,102.1,102.1,3,89,102,89,102,"B,C",1]
[null,"Additional heat potential with heat pumps (% of thermal input)",1.7,1.7,1.7,1.7,2,14,2,14,"D",1]
[null,"Auxiliary electricity consumption (% of heat gen)",2.1,2.1,2.1,2.1,1.9,2.2999999999999998,1.5,2.2999999999999998,"C,J"]
[null,"Forced outage (%)",4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4]
[null,"Planned outage (weeks per year)",4,4,4,4,3.4,4.5999999999999996,3,5]
[null,"Technical lifetime (years)",25,25,25,25,20,35,20,35,null,1]
[null,"Construction time (years)",1,1,1,1,0.5,1.5,0.5,1.5,null,1]
[null,"Space requirement (1000 m2/MWe)",0.2,0.2,0.2,0.2,0.2,0.3,0.2,0.3]
[null,""]
[null,"Primary regulation (% per 30 seconds)","NA","NA","NA","NA","NA","NA","NA","NA"]
[null,"Secondary regulation (% per minute)",10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,"E",1]
[null,"Minimum load (% of full load)",50,50,50,50,50,50,50,50,"E",1]
[null,"Warm start-up time (hours)",0.25,0.25,0.25,0.25,0.25,0.25,0.25,0.25,"H",1]
[null,"Cold start-up time (hours)",0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5," ",1]
[null,"Environment"]
[null,"SO2 (degree of desulphuring, %) ",95.5,96.4,99.1,99.8,90.9,99.8,95.5,99.9,"G",1]
[null,"NOX (g per GJ fuel) ",90,72,73,73,36,90,18,73,"G",1]
[null,"CH4 (g per GJ fuel)",16,11,8,4,4,16,2,16,"G",1]
[null,"N2O (g per GJ fuel)",4,3,2,1,1,4,1,4,"G",1]
[null,"Particles (g per GJ fuel)",2,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.1,2,0.1,1,"G",1]
[null,"Financial data                                 "]
[null,"Nominal investment (M€/MWth - heat output) ",0.91,0.89,0.84,0.76,0.77,1.0900000000000001,0.63,1.1000000000000001,"F,K"]
[null," - of which equipment",0.44,0.43,0.41,0.37,0.37,0.56000000000000005,0.31,0.56000000000000005,"F,K"]
[null," - of which installation",0.47,0.46,0.43,0.39,0.4,0.54,0.32,0.54,"F,K"]
[null,"Fixed O&M (€/MWth/year), heat output",52900,51300,48400,43300,50200,60200,38000,56200,"F"]
[null,"Variable O&M (€/MWh) heat output",0.6,0.6,0.6,0.6,0.5,0.7,0.4,0.7,"F"]
[null,"Technology specific data"]
[null,"Flue gas condensation","Yes","Yes","Yes","Yes","No","Yes","No","Yes"]
[null,"Combustion air humidification","Yes","Yes","Yes","Yes","No","Yes","No","Yes"]
[null,"Nominal investment (M€/MW fuel input)",0.93,0.9,0.86,0.78,0.79,1.1200000000000001,0.64,1.1200000000000001,"I,K",1]
[null," - of which equipment",0.45,0.44,0.42,0.38,0.38,0.56999999999999995,0.31,0.56999999999999995,"K"]
[null," - of which installation",0.48,0.46,0.44,0.4,0.41,0.55000000000000004,0.33,0.55000000000000004,"K"]
[null,"Fixed O&M (€/MW input/year)",54000,52400,49400,44200,44800,61600,33900,57500]
[null,"Variable O&M (€/MWh input)",1.9,2.1,2.7,3.1,1.8,2.2999999999999998,2.2000000000000002,3.5]
[null," - of which is electricity costs (€/MWh)",1.3,1.5,2.1,2.5,1.3,1.6,1.7,2.7,"C"]
[null," - of which is other O&M costs (€/MWh)",0.6,0.6,0.6,0.6,0.5,0.7,0.5,0.8]
[null,"Fuel storage specific cost in excess of 2 days (M€/MW_input/storage day)",0.08,7.8E-2,7.3999999999999996E-2,6.7000000000000004E-2,6.8000000000000005E-2,9.1999999999999998E-2,5.6000000000000001E-2,9.2999999999999999E-2,"K"]
[]
[]
["References:"]
[1,"Rambøll Danmark, internal evaluation based on either existing projects, supplier offers, or pre-project studies."]
["Notes:"]
["A","The plant is directly producing hot water for District Heating by burning fuel on a grate."]
["B","Boilers up to 20 MW fuel input for hot water production are more or less standardized products with a high degree of fuel flexibility (type of biomass, humidity etc.)"]
["C","The stated total efficiency does NOT consider auxiliary electricity consumption. It describes the total net amount of heat produced at the plant. This is contrary to CHP where the auxiliary electricity  is subtracted from the production to yield the net electricity efficiency. Instead the cost of auxiliary electricity consumption is included in variable O&M and is calculated using the following electricity prices in €/MWh: 2015: 63, 2020: 69, 2030: 101, 2050: 117. These prices include production costs and transport tariffs, but not any taxes or subsidies for renewable energy. "]
["D","Since straw is relatively dry there is often only a minor efficiency advantage in using flue gas condensation. There is though an environmental advantage in having a scrubber in the flue gas stream. Direct condensation and combustion air humidification are included in all cases except in lower range of 2020 and 2050."]
["E","Load control of the heat production is important and units of this size can make rapid load variations. Similarly, the minimum load is quite low"]
["F","Reference to heat output because of the lack of electricity  production "]
["G","Emissions shall comply with Danish EPA guideline, Luftvejledningen. \nIt is anticipated that for the smaller units the supplier has an SNCR solutiuon to reduce NOx emissions sufficiently. "]
[null,"Warm start is starting with a glowing fuel layer on the grate."]
["I","The nominal investment is in the range 0.6 to 1.1 M€/MWth"]
["J","Result of model calculation, there are reports of DH plants operating at lower power consumption"]
["K","Note that investments include only two days fuel storage, and more may be optimal, depending on fuel supply opportunities and heat supply obligations, amongst other things. \nThe additional investment is listed in the bottom row."]

{"sheet":"10 Stirling","index":30,"n_rows":31,"n_cols":8,"rows_kept":31,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[28,1,28,7],[29,1,29,7],[30,1,30,7],[2,2,2,7],[4,1,4,7],[13,1,13,7],[18,1,18,7],[26,1,26,7],[27,1,27,7]]}
[null,"10  Stirling Engines, Gasified Biomass",null,null,null,null,null,"Back to Index"]
[]
[null,"Technology","Stirling engine, fired by gasified biomass"]
[null,null,2015,2020,2030,2050,"Note","Ref"]
[null,"Energy/technical data"]
[null,"Generating capacity electric, (kW)",37,40,null,null,null,1]
[null,"Generating capacity, heat, (kJ/s)",120,120,null,null,null,1]
[null,"Electrical efficiency (%)",20,22,null,null,"A",1]
[null,"Time for wam-up (hours)",1,1,null,null,null,1]
[null,"Forces outage (%)",4,3,null,null,null,1]
[null,"Planned outage (weeks per year)",3,2,null,null,null,1]
[null,"Technical lifetime (years)",15,15,null,null,null,1]
[null,"Construction time (years)",0.4,"0.3",null,null,"B",1]
[null,"Environment"]
[null,"SO2 (degree of desulphuring, %)",0,0,null,null,null,1]
[null,"NOx (ppm)",130,100,null,null,null,1]
[null,"CH4 (ppm)",0,0,null,null,null,1]
[null,"N20 (ppm)",0,0,null,null,null,1]
[null,"Financial data"]
[null,"Specific investment costs (M€/MW)",5,3.8,null,null,"C+E",1]
[null,"Fixed O&M (€/MW/year)",32000,32000,null,null,"D+E",1]
[null,"Variable O&M (€/MWh)",26,21,null,null,"D+E",1]
[]
["References:"]
[1,"Stirling DK, December 2009"]
["Notes:"]
["A","The efficiency of the gasifier is 97%, while the total efficiency for the whole system is 90% (2020)."]
["B","The plants may be delivered as pre-assembled container solutions reducing construction times on site to a couple of weeks."]
["C","Complete plant, including gasifier, combustion chambers, engines, control system, piping, and instrumentation."]
["D","O&M for the Stirling engine itself is (2010) around 16 €/MWh, while the remianing O&M costs are for biomass feeding, gasification, heat exchangers etc."]
["E","Cost data are the same as in the 2010 catalogue, however inflated from price level 2008 to 2011 by multiplying with a general inflation factor 1.053"]

{"sheet":"11 SOFC-CHP","index":31,"n_rows":65,"n_cols":12,"rows_kept":65,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[28,1,28,11],[36,1,36,11],[50,16,50,26],[35,1,35,11],[2,2,2,11],[3,6,3,7],[3,8,3,9],[15,1,15,11],[22,1,22,11]]}
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Back to Index"]
[]
[null,"Technology","11 SOFC - CHP Natural Gas / Biogas"]
[null,null,2015,2020,2030,2050,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty (2050)",null,"Note","Ref"]
[null,"Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper"]
[null,"Generating capacity for one unit (MWe)",0.25,2.5,10,20,null,null,null,null,"A","3; *; *; *"]
[null,"Electricity efficiency (condensation mode for extraction plants), net (%), name plate",56,58,60,60]
[null,"Electricity efficiency (condensation mode for extraction plants), net (%), annual average",56,58,60,60,52,60,56,62,"B","3; *; *; *"]
[null,"Cb coefficient (50oC/100oC)","-",{"$f":"2500/1500","v":1.6666666666666667},{"$f":"10000/6200","v":1.6129032258064515},{"$f":"20000/12400","v":1.6129032258064515},null,null,null,null,"C, L","-; *; *; *"]
[null,"Cv coefficient (50oC/100oC)","-","-","-","-"]
[null,"Forced outage (%)"]
[null,"Planned outage (weeks per year)"]
[null,"Technical lifetime (years)",15,20,20,20,null,null,null,null,"D","6; 6; *; *"]
[null,"Construction time (years)",1,1,1,1]
[]
[null,"Regulation ability"]
[null,"Primary regulation (% per 30 seconds)"]
[null,"Secondary regulation (% per minute)"]
[null,"Minimum load (% of full load)",70,70,70,70]
[null,"Warm start-up time (hours)",2.5000000000000001E-2,2.5000000000000001E-2,2.5000000000000001E-2,2.5000000000000001E-2,null,null,null,null,"E"]
[null,"Cold start-up time (hours)",25,25,25,25,null,null,null,null,"E","*; *; *; *"]
[]
[null,"Environment"]
[null,"SO2 (degree of desulphuring, %) ",100,100,100,100,null,null,null,null,null,3]
[null,"NOX (g per GJ fuel) ",1.3,1.4,1.5,1.6,null,null,null,null,null,3]
[null,"CH4 (g per GJ fuel)",1.25,1.25,1.25,1.25,null,null,null,null,"F",7]
[null,"N2O (g per GJ fuel)","NA","NA","NA","NA",null,null,null,null,"F","*"]
[]
[null,"Financial data (in 2015€)                               "]
[null,"Nominal investment (M€/MW)",8.3000000000000007,3.3,2,0.8,2.7,5.8,0.4,1.3,"G, H, I, J","8, 13"]
[null," - of which equipment",{"$f":"0.8*C30","v":6.6400000000000006},{"$f":"0.7*D30","v":2.3099999999999996},{"$f":"0.6*E30","v":1.2},{"$f":"0.58*F30","v":0.46399999999999997},null,null,null,null,"G"]
[null," - of which installation",{"$f":"C30-C31","v":1.6600000000000001},{"$f":"D30-D31","v":0.99000000000000021},{"$f":"E30-E31","v":0.8},{"$f":"F30-F31","v":0.33600000000000008},null,null,null,null,"G"]
[null,"Fixed O&M (€/MW/year)",{"$f":"0.05*C30*1000000","v":415000.00000000006},165000,100000,40000.000000000007,135000,290000,20000.000000000004,65000,"K",8]
[null,"Variable O&M (€/MWh)","-"]
[null,"Startup cost (€/MW/startup)","-"]
[]
[null,"Technology specific data"]
[]
[]
[]
[null,"Notes:"]
["A","Installed systems consist of modules of app. 200 kWel power, these modules can be clustered into larger units. Today, often up to app. 2 MWel power and upwards. [5,8]"]
["B","The electrical efficiency (based on the lower heating value, LHV) of Bloom Energy’s systems decreases from an initial value of 60 % to 52 % by the end-of life for the stacks. This gives an average electrical efficiency of 56 % for the life-time of a stack. Uncertainties represent the aforementioned interval."]
["C","No CHP-systems in this power range are available, therefore, Bloom Energy ES-5710 unit has been chosen as the reference system. This system is a power producing system and does not take the produced heat into account. . The produced heat can be used as thermal storage, hot water production, heating or for feed in to the distributed heating system. High total efficiencies can be expected as the systems are compact and with a small surface area, leading to low heat losses and thereby high total system efficiency. Thus it is not unrealistic to assume a total efficiency above 90 % (thermal efficiency > 35 %) for this type of system."]
["D","Values correspond to the durability for the whole plant; the stack may be exchanged several times during the life time of the plant."]
["E","Start up from outdoor temperature or room temperature takes rather long time, this is mainly due to the large amount of ceramic material which require slow heating ramps. If the system is at operating temperature the stack can be started up quickly, assuming that gases are supplied and help systems are active. Also shut down can be performed quickly, not counting in the time required to cool the system."]
["F","Value for SOFC microCHP systems used here, since SOFC-CHP’s has the same operating principle."]
["G","A bloom unit costs approximately 6600 euro per kWel. To this must the installation costs be added, which of course depends on the location and the size of the unit. Additional costs are also to cover for necessary modifications of the system, e.g. implementation of hot water storage and subsystems for exporting the heat from the unit to surrounding buildings or distributed heating grid."]
["H","Start up from outdoor temperature or room temperature takes rather long time, this is mainly due to the large amount of ceramic material which require slow heating ramps. If the system is at operating temperature the stack can be started up quickly, assuming that gases are supplied and help systems are active. Also shut down can be performed quickly, not counting in the time required to cool the system."]
["I","The best estimates for nominal investments in 2020, 2030 and 2050 are estimated from [9]. In 2020 an annual production of 50 units is assumed, in 2030 a yearly production of 250 units is assumed, and in 2050 a production of 4000 units per year is assumed."]
["J","Estimation of uncertainties for investment costs are estimated from [9] with an annual production of 10/150 units in 2020 and 1000/10000 units in 2050"]
["K","Fixed O&M costs are estimated as 5% of the investment cost."]
["L","The heat efficiency, which can be derived, depends on the return temperature of the cooling circuit and the size of the heat exchanger."]
[]
[null,"References:"]
["[1]","BloomEnergy, www.bloomenergy.com, 2014-11-11"]
["[2]","https://www.mhps.com/en/technology/index.html, 2014-11-14"]
["[3]","BloomEnergy, Product datasheet: ES-5710 Energy Saver, November 2014: http://c0688662.cdn.cloudfiles.rackspacecloud.com/downloads_pdf_Bloomenergy_DataSheet_ES-5710.pdf  "]
["[4]","BloomEnergy, Product datasheet: ES-5700 Energy Saver, November 2014: http://c0688662.cdn.cloudfiles.rackspacecloud.com/downloads_pdf_Bloomenergy_DataSheet_ES-5700.pdf"]
["[5]","Iskov H., Rasmussen N.B., “Update of technology data for energy plants: Fuel cells, electrolysis and technologies for bio-SNG”, Danish gas Technology centre, 2013. "]
["[6]","Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking: “Multi – Annual Work Plan 2014-2020”, adopted 2014-06-30"]
["[7]","http://www.asue.de, 2014-11-17"]
["[8]","BloomEnergy Server, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloom_Energy_Server, 2015-02-02"]
["[13]","Chick, LA; Gotthold, DW; Weimar, MR; Whyatt, GA, Cost Study for Manufacturing of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Power Systems, 2013, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy."]
["*","An asterisk in the reference indicate high uncertainty or \"guesstimate\", where more certain data where not available"]

{"sheet":"12 LT-PEMFC CHP","index":32,"n_rows":49,"n_cols":12,"rows_kept":49,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[42,1,42,11],[44,1,44,11],[47,1,47,11],[45,1,45,11],[53,1,53,11],[48,1,48,11],[49,1,49,11],[50,1,50,11],[51,1,51,11],[52,1,52,11],[35,1,35,11],[39,1,39,11],[40,1,40,11],[41,1,41,11],[28,1,28,11],[2,2,2,11],[3,6,3,7],[3,8,3,9],[15,1,15,11],[22,1,22,11]]}
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Back to Index"]
[]
[null,"Technology","12 LT-PEMFC CHP hydrogen gas"]
[null,null,2015,2020,2030,2050,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty (2050)",null,"Note","Ref"]
[null,"Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper"]
[null,"Generating capacity for one unit (MWe)",0.05,0.1,1,2,null,null,null,null,null,5]
[null,"Electricity efficiency (condensation mode for extraction plants), net (%), name plate",45,50,50,50,null,null,null,null,null,5]
[null,"Electricity efficiency (condensation mode for extraction plants), net (%), annual average",45,50,50,50,45,52,46,53,"A","3, 5"]
[null,"Cb coefficient (50oC/100oC)","-",{"$f":"50/40","v":1.25},{"$f":"50/40","v":1.25},{"$f":"50/40","v":1.25},null,null,null,null,"D"]
[null,"Cv coefficient (50oC/100oC)","-","-","-","-"]
[null,"Forced outage (%)",0.1,0.1,0.1,0.1]
[null,"Planned outage (weeks per year)",null,0.1,0.1,0.1]
[null,"Technical lifetime (years)",10,10,10,10,null,null,null,null,null,5]
[null,"Construction time (years)",1,1,1,1]
[]
[null,"Regulation ability"]
[null,"Primary regulation (% per 30 seconds)",{"$f":"0.05/C6/2*100","v":50},{"$f":"0.05/D6/2*100","v":25},{"$f":"0.05/E6/2*100","v":2.5},{"$f":"0.05/F6/2*100","v":1.25}]
[null,"Secondary regulation (% per minute)"]
[null,"Minimum load (% of full load)",10,10,10,10]
[null,"Warm start-up time (hours)",0.01,0.01,0.01,0.01]
[null,"Cold start-up time (hours)"]
[]
[null,"Environment"]
[null,"SO2 (degree of desulphuring, %) ",100,100,100,100]
[null,"NOX (g per GJ fuel) ",0,0,0,0]
[null,"CH4 (g per GJ fuel)",0,0,0,0]
[null,"N2O (g per GJ fuel)",0,0,0,0]
[]
[null,"Financial data (in 2015€)                              "]
[null,"Nominal investment (M€/MW)",1.9,1.3,1.1000000000000001,0.8,1.1000000000000001,1.6,0.5,0.9,"B","3, 4"]
[null," - of which equipment",1.6,1,0.8,0.6,null,null,null,null,null,4]
[null," - of which installation",0.3,0.3,0.3,0.2,null,null,null,null,null,4]
[null,"Fixed O&M (€/MW/year)",{"$f":"C30*0.05*1000000","v":95000},{"$f":"D30*0.05*1000000","v":65000},{"$f":"E30*0.05*1000000","v":55000.000000000007},{"$f":"F30*0.05*1000000","v":40000.000000000007},null,null,null,null,"C"]
[null,"Variable O&M (€/MWh)"]
[]
[null,"Technology specific data"]
[null,"Minimum load efficiency (%)",30,35,35,35,null,null,null,null,null,5]
[]
["Notes:"]
["A","Uncertainties for efficiency based on [2]"]
["B","Estimation of uncertainties for nominal investment costs based on [2]"]
["C","Fixed O&M costs are estimated to 5% of the investment cost based on [2]"]
["D","The heat efficiency, which can be derived, depends on the return temperature of the cooling circuit and the size of the heat exchanger."]
[]
["References:"]
["[3]","International Energy Agency, 2015, Technology Roadmap - Hydrogen and Fuel Cells."]
["[4]","Ea Energy Analyses et al. 2016, Technology Data for Hydrogen Technologies."]
["[5]","Practical data and expert opinion from Dantherm Power"]
["*","An asterisk in the reference indicate high uncertainty or \"guesstimate\", where more certain data where not available."]

{"sheet":"20 Onshore turbines","index":33,"n_rows":56,"n_cols":12,"rows_kept":56,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[2,2,2,11],[49,1,49,11],[50,1,50,11],[51,1,51,11],[52,1,52,11],[53,1,53,11],[48,1,48,11],[12,1,12,11],[15,1,15,11],[39,1,39,11],[40,1,40,11],[41,1,41,11],[42,1,42,11],[43,1,43,11],[44,1,44,11],[45,1,45,11],[46,1,46,11],[47,1,47,11]]}
[null,null,null,null,null,null,"Back to Index","Back to Index"]
[]
[null,"Technology","20 Large wind turbines on land"]
[null,"Year of final investment decision",2015,2020,2030,2050,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty (2050)",null,"Note","Ref"]
[null,"Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper"]
[null,"Generating capacity for one unit (MW)",3.5,3.5,4,5,2,6,1.5,8,"A1",3]
[null,"Average annual full-load hours ",3100,3150,3200,3300,2000,4000,2000,4500,"A, L",3]
[null,"Forced outage (%)",0.03,2.5000000000000001E-2,0.02,1.4999999999999999E-2,0.01,0.05,0.01,0.05,"B",4]
[null,"Planned outage (%)",3.0000000000000001E-3,3.0000000000000001E-3,3.0000000000000001E-3,3.0000000000000001E-3,1E-3,5.0000000000000001E-3,1E-3,5.0000000000000001E-3,"C",4]
[null,"Technical lifetime (years)",25,27,30,30,25,35,25,40,"D",14]
[null,"Construction time (years)",1.5,1.5,1.5,1.5,1,3,1,3,"E",4]
[null,"Space requirement (1000m2/MW)","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","F"]
[null,"Regulation ability"]
[null,"Primary regulation (% per 30 seconds)",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"G"]
[null,"Secondary regulation (% per minute)",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"G"]
[null,"Financial data (in 2015€)                                "]
[null,"Nominal investment (M€/MW) incl grid connection",1.0710000000000002,0.9853200000000002,0.90649440000000026,0.83397484800000032,0.88678800000000024,1.0838520000000003,0.66717987840000026,1.0007698176000004,"H","16, 2, 4"]
[null,"Nominal investment (M€/MW) excl. grid connection (5% of nom. Investment)",1.02,0.94,0.86,0.79,0.84599999999999997,1.034,0.63200000000000012,0.94799999999999995,"I, M","16, 2, 4"]
[null," - of which equipment",0.75,0.75,0.75,0.75,0.7,0.8,0.7,0.8,null,4]
[null," - of which installation",0.25,0.25,0.25,0.25,0.2,0.3,0.2,0.3,null,4]
[null,"Fixed O&M (€/MW/year)",25600,23900,22300,21200,21510,26290.000000000004,16960,25440,"J,N"]
[null,"Variable O&M (€/MWh)",2.8,2.5,2.2999999999999998,2.1,2.25,2.75,1.6800000000000002,2.52,"J,N","4, 15, 18"]
[null,"Technology specific data"]
[null,"Rotor diameter",120,120,130,150,90,130,100,150,"K",4]
[null,"Hub height",90,90,100,110,85,120,85,150,null,4]
[null,"Specific power (W/m2)",309.46820629751886,309.46820629751886,301.35872667349258,282.94236004344583,270,350,250,350]
[null,"Average capacity factor",0.36529680365296802,0.37100456621004568,0.37671232876712329,0.38812785388127852,0.22831050228310501,0.45662100456621002,0.22831050228310501,0.51369863013698636,null,4]
[null,"Average availability (%)",0.96699999999999997,0.97199999999999998,0.97699999999999998,0.98199999999999998,0.98899999999999999,0.94499999999999995,0.98899999999999999,0.94499999999999995,null,4]
[]
["References:"]
[2,"DTU International Energy Report - Wind Energy, DTU, 2014"]
[3,"Master data register of wind turbines at end of December 2014, Danish Energy Agency, 2015"]
[4,"Nielsen, P. et. al., Vindmøllers økonomi EUDP projekt 33033-0196, 2010"]
[14,"Information from Energinet.dk based on analyses of resent installed projects (2013-14), published under \"Købsretsordningen\", 2015"]
[15,"Når all-inclusive service alligevel ikke dækker alt, Naturlig Energi, nov. 2014"]
[16,"Schwabe, P., Lensink, S. & Hand, M., IEA Wind Task 26: Multi-national case study of the financial cost of wind energy, 2011"]
[18,"Hvor længe holder en mølle, Naturlig Energi, januar 2012"]
[]
["Notes:"]
["A1","The capacity is set to 3.5 MW in 2015 and 2020 based on data of current wind turbines (Stamdataregisteret) and under the anticipation that the maximum height will not exeed 150m before 2020. From 2030 a slight increase in generator size, and hub height is assumed."]
["A","The full load hours (annual produktion (MWh) per installed power (MW)) depending on the actual location of the wind farm, wake losses and technological characteristics of the individual turbine. The value is an average for the  expected locations of the wind farms. FLH also depends on wake losses, noise reduction and technological characteristics of the individual turbine. The level for 2015 and 2020 is based on data for existing onshore turbines of the same configuration (Stamdataregisteret) and recent prospects for onshore projects published in relation to Køberetsordningen. For 2030 and 2050 a slight increase is assumed based on decrease in specific power and increase in hub height."]
["B","Modern turbines has typically higher forced outage than older smaller turbines had when they were newer due to more complex technology."]
["C","Planned outage is typically 1-2 service visits a year, with a maximum duration of one work day, but there can also be planned outage due to shadow flicker stop or sector management (protect turbines at given wind speeds and directions, where they are dense spaced)."]
["D","The life time depends on the wind conditions; average annual speed and turbulence, relative to the design class of the turbine"]
["E","The construction time is the periode from FID to commissioning. But from first \"dig\" to turbines are in operation less than ½ a year is needed for smaller wind farms (clusters), where the similar periode for larger wind farms will be longer. The planning time from idea to construction starts will typically be 2-3 years, but can be essentially more if permitting problems occour."]
["F","An area of around 50 m x 50 m is needed for a modern wind turbine. Another way of defining the \"area use\" could be the noise zone, which ranges up to 600-800 m from the wind turbine in worst case."]
["G","Wind turbines can be downward regulated within very short time and can therefore (if the wind is blowing) be used in both the primary and secondary downward regulation."]
["H","2015 Investment cost based on a number of recent prospects for projects published in relation to Køberetsordningen. The price is excl. land rent, buy out of existing older turbines and possible buy out of settlements within wind farm area which are highly variable costs."]
["I","The grid connection is sozialized in Denmark and can be subtracted from the given nominal investment seen from the project owner"]
["J","75 % of the total yearly O&M costs are assumed to be fixed cost and 25 % are assumed to be variable  cost."]
["K","Currently only turbines up to 150 m total height is installed commercially in Denmark because of strict demands to higher turbines. No change in the national regulation is assumed until after 2020.  Some test sites allow for larger turbines. Aboard e.g. in Germany windmills with at total higher of 200 m is installed today. "]
["L","It is expected that the production (FLH) increase 1.5 % from 2015 to 2020 and 2020-2030 and 3% in from 2030-2050"]
["M"," It is predicted that the investment cost for on shore turbines will be reduced 8% in each period; 2015-2020, 2020-2030 and 2030-2050. "]
["N","t is predicted that the cost of O&M for on shore turbines will be reduced 8% in each period; 2015-2020, 2020-2030 and 2030-2050. "]
[]
["All references holds the same numbering as for the chapter \"Wind turbines on-shore\""]

{"sheet":"20 Domestic turbines","index":34,"n_rows":37,"n_cols":12,"rows_kept":37,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[34,1,34,11],[35,1,35,11],[36,1,36,11],[28,1,28,11],[29,1,29,10],[30,1,30,11],[31,1,31,11],[32,1,32,11],[33,1,33,11],[21,1,21,11],[2,2,2,11],[3,6,3,7],[3,8,3,9],[4,1,4,5],[5,2,5,5]]}
[null,null,null,null,null,null,"Back to Index","Back to Index"]
[]
[null,"Technology","20 Small wind turbines, grid connected (< 25 kW)"]
[null,"Year of final investment decision",2015,2020,2030,2050,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty (2050)",null,"Note","Ref"]
[null,"Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper"]
[null,"Generating capacity for one unit (MW)","< 0,025",null,null,null,5.0000000000000001E-3,2.5000000000000001E-2,5.0000000000000001E-3,2.5000000000000001E-2]
[null,"Average annual full-load hours ",1600,1600,1600,1600,1000,2300,1000,2300,"A,J"]
[null,"Forced outage (%)",0.03,0.03,0.03,0.03,0.02,0.1,0.02,0.1]
[null,"Planned outage (%)",3.0000000000000001E-3,3.0000000000000001E-3,3.0000000000000001E-3,3.0000000000000001E-3,1E-3,5.0000000000000001E-3,1E-3,5.0000000000000001E-3,"B"]
[null,"Technical lifetime (years)",20,20,20,20,"---","---","---","---"]
[null,"Construction time (years)",1,1,1,1,0.5,1.5,0.5,1.5]
[null,"Space requirement (1000m2/MW)",0.79999999999999993,0.79999999999999993,0.79999999999999993,0.79999999999999993,"---","---","---","---","C"]
[null,"Regulation ability"]
[null,"Primary regulation (% per 30 seconds)","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","D"]
[null,"Secondary regulation (% per minute)","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","D"]
[null,"Financial data (in 2015€)                               "]
[null,"Nominal investment (M€/MW)",4,3.8,3.61,3.4294999999999995,3,6,3,6,"E/F"]
[null," - of which equipment",0.9,0.9,0.9,0.9,0.85,0.95,0.85,0.95,"E/F"]
[null," - of which installation",0.1,0.1,0.1,0.1,0.15,0.05,0.15,0.05,"E/F"]
[null,"Fixed O&M (€/MW/year)",100000,95000,90000,85000,"---","---","---","---","G"]
[null,"Variable O&M (€/MWh)","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---"]
[null,"Technology specific data"]
[null,"Rotor diameter",8,8,8,8,4,14,4,14,"H"]
[null,"Hub height",18,18,18,18,14,18,14,18,"H"]
[null,"Fixed O&M (€/unit)",540,540,540,540,350,700,350,700,"E/F"]
[]
[]
["Notes:"]
["A","The annual production is very sensitive to conditions at the actual site. Values outside the range is observed."]
["B","The maintenance normally consists of 1 -2 annual service visits."]
["C","An area of around 5 m x 5 m is needed for at small wind turbine. The real \"area use\" is the noise zone, which ranges up to 100 m from the wind turbine in worst case."]
["D","Not considered relevant for small domestic turbines."]
["E","Based on information from manufacturers and resellers. The "]
["F","The prices depends significantly on turbine size (5 kW - 6 M€/MW; 10 kW - 4 M€/MW ; 25 kW - 3 M€/MW)"]
["G","The service cost is assumed fixed to 100€/kW/y."]
["H","Domestic turbines have a maximum total height of 25 m according to Danish regulations."]
["J"," No development in the capacity factor is expected, because no changing in the size limitation (legislation) is expected. And because location is crucial and one must expect the turbines is put up at the best positions already. But change in legislation i"]

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[null,null,null,null,null,null,"Back to Index","Back to Index"]
[null,"Updated June 2017 (Financial data (Investment cost and O&M))"]
[]
[null,"Technology","21 Large wind turbines off-shore"]
[null,"Year of final investment decision",2015,2020,2030,2050,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty (2050)",null,"Note","Ref"]
[null,"Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper"]
[null,"Generating capacity for one unit (MW)",8,10,12,15,4,10,4,20,null,"6, 13, 10"]
[null,"Average annual full-load hours ",4400,4500,4650,4900,4000,5000,4000,5500,"A","8, 10, 27"]
[null,"Forced outage (%)",0.04,0.03,0.03,0.02,0.01,0.05,0.01,0.05,"B",27]
[null,"Planned outage (%)",3.0000000000000001E-3,3.0000000000000001E-3,3.0000000000000001E-3,3.0000000000000001E-3,1E-3,5.0000000000000001E-3,1E-3,5.0000000000000001E-3,"C"]
[null,"Technical lifetime (years)",25,27,30,30,20,35,20,35,"D"]
[null,"Construction time (years)",3,2.5,2.5,2,1.5,4,1.5,4,"E",27]
[null,"Space requirement (1000m2/MW)",185,185,185,185,168,204,168,204,"F",14]
[null,"Regulation ability"]
[null,"Primary regulation (% per 30 seconds)",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"G"]
[null,"Secondary regulation (% per minute)",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"G"]
[null,"Financial data (in 2015€)                               "]
[null,"Nominal investment (M€/MW) excl. grid connection ",2.46,1.92,1.64,1.39,1.73,2.02,1.1100000000000001,1.53,"H,J,K","[10, 15, 16, 30, 31,33.34]"]
[null,"Nominal investment (M€/MW)  grid connection",0.4,{"$f":"C19*(1-0.01)^(D5-C5)","v":0.38039601996},{"$f":"D19*(1-0.0075)^(E5-D5)","v":0.35281018883469645},{"$f":"E19*(1-0.005)^(F5-E5)","v":0.31915579436753333},0.35,0.41,0.27,0.37,"L","[31,35]"]
[null," - of which equipment",0.45,0.45,0.45,0.45,0.4,0.5,0.4,0.5,null,"[26, 12, 27]"]
[null," - of which installation",0.55000000000000004,0.55000000000000004,0.55000000000000004,0.55000000000000004,0.5,0.6,0.5,0.6,null,"[26, 12, 27]"]
[null,"Fixed O&M (€/MW/year)",57300,44300,37800,32100,39900,46500,25700,35300,"I, J","[31, 32, 34]"]
[null,"Variable O&M (€/MWh)",4.3,3.3,2.7,2.2000000000000002,3,3.4,1.7,2.4,"I, J","[26, 12, 27, 31,32,34]"]
[null,"Technology specific data"]
[null,"Rotor diameter",164,190,210,240,"---","---","---","---",null,"14, 10"]
[null,"Hub height",103,115,125,140,"---","---","---","---",null,"14, 10"]
[null,"Specific power (W/m2)",379,353,346,332]
[null,"Average capacity factor (%)",50,51,53,56,46,57,46,63,null,"8, 27"]
[null,"Average availability (%)",0.96,0.97,0.97,0.98,0.99,0.95,0.99,0.95,null,27]
[null,"Specific area coverage (MW/km2)",5.4,5.4,5.4,5.4,4.9000000000000004,5.9,4.9000000000000004,5.9,null,"14, 10"]
[]
["Notes:"]
["A1 ","The capacity in 2015 is set to 8 MW since the only offhore windfarm decided in 2015 was Horns Rev 3 with turbines of 8.3 MW. "]
["A","The full load hours (annual produktion (MWh) per installed power (MW)) depending on the actual location of the wind farm, wake losses and technological characteristics of the individual turbine. The value is an average for location where it is expected the turbines will be placed. Specific area coverage 5,4 MW/km^2 is assumed, further more it is assumed that offshore turbines are in farms with a total capacity of app. 400-600 MW. "]
["B","Offshore turbines has typically higher forced outage than onshore due to access problems in harsh weather"]
["C","Planned outage is typically 1-2 service visits a year, with a 1-2 work days"]
["D","The life time depends on the wind conditions; average annual speed and turbulence, relative to the design class of the turbine"]
["E","The construction time is the periode from FID to commissioning. The construction time depend on the size of the project, vessel available and weather conditions."]
["F","Based on 5,4 MW/km^2 - can vary some and will often be a political decition - a given area is available and a number of MW tendered. The wake losses will highly depend on the space available per MW."]
["G","Wind turbines can be downward regulated within very short time and can therefore (if the wind is blowing) be used in both the primary and secondary downward regulation."]
["H","The cost includes cost of wind turbines, foundation, installation, planning & development and financing and internal grid connection (array cable, substation but not  export cable). "]
["I","75 % of the total yearly O&M costs are assumed to be fixed cost and 25 % are assumed to be variable  cost."]
["J","From 2020-2030 10% learning rate is assumed, from 2030-2050 15% reduction is assumed "]
["K","Deducted from , five tenders have been settled for offshore wind farms in Denmark and in the Netherlands,decribed in details in the note [31]"]
["L","Assuming that the costs drop by 1% per year between 2015 and 2020, by 0.75% per year between 2020 and 2030 and by 0.5% per year after 2030"]
[]
["References:"]
[6,"The European offshore wind industry – key trends and statistics 2015, EWEA, 2016"]
[8,"Master data register of wind turbines at end of December 2014, Danish Energy Agency (the analysis also utilize earlier years of the same register)"]
[10,"DTU International Energy Report – Wind Energy, DTU, 2014"]
[12,"Renewable Energy Technologies: Cost Analysis Series, IRENA, 2012"]
[13,"B. Christensen, Interviewee, Personal communication/Interviews with Siemens Wind Power + written contribution. [Interview]."]
[14,"Fremtidens havmølleplaceringer - 2025 (Future locations for offshore wind farms; in Danish),” Danish Energy Agency, 2007."]
[15,"Lindø Offshore Renewables Centre, data on offshore wind farms."]
[16,"4 C Offshore, global offshore wind farms database [Online]. Available: http://www.4coffshore.com/windfarms/default.aspx."]
[26,"The Economics of Wind Energy, EWEA, 2009"]
[27,"N. m.fl., Vindmøllers økonomi, EUDP projekt 33033-0196, 2010"]
[30,"http://www.4coffshore.com/windfarms, accessed  27-3-2017"]
[31,"Note made by DEA : \"Notat om teknologiomkostninger for havvind, baggrund for opdatering af CAPEX og OPEX i Teknologikatalogets dataark. \" Energinet.dk and the Danish Energy Agency, 2017, March 28"]
[32,"DONG ENERGY Investor presentation, , DONG Energy, 2016, 12 May "]
[33,"Cost Reduction Monitoring Framework 2016,Offshore Wind Programme Board, Catapult 2016, 2016"]
[34,"Innovation Outlook: Off shore Wind, International Renewable Energy Agency( IRENA), Abu Dhabi, 2016"]
[35,"Energinet.dk, March 2017"]
[]
["All references holds the same numbering as for the chapter \"Wind turbines off-shore\""]

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[null,null,null,null,null,null,"Back to Index","Back to Index"]
[null,"Updated June 2017 (Financial data (Investment cost and O&M))"]
[]
[null,"Technology","21 Large offshore wind turbines near-shore"]
[null,"Year of final investment decision",2015,2020,2030,2050,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty (2050)",null,"Note","Ref"]
[null,"Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper"]
[null,"Generating capacity for one unit (MW)",8,10,12,15,4,10,4,20,"A1","6, 13, 10"]
[null,"Average annual full-load hours ",4400,4500,4650,4900,4000,5000,4000,5500,"A","8, 10, 27"]
[null,"Forced outage (%)",3.5000000000000003E-2,0.03,2.5000000000000001E-2,0.02,0.01,0.05,0.01,0.05,"B",27]
[null,"Planned outage (%)",3.0000000000000001E-3,3.0000000000000001E-3,3.0000000000000001E-3,3.0000000000000001E-3,1E-3,5.0000000000000001E-3,1E-3,5.0000000000000001E-3,"C"]
[null,"Technical lifetime (years)",25,27,30,30,20,35,20,35,"D"]
[null,"Construction time (years)",2,2,2,2,1,3,1,3,"E",27]
[null,"Space requirement (1000m2/MW)",185,185,185,185,168,204,168,204,"F",14]
[null,"Regulation ability"]
[null,"Primary regulation (% per 30 seconds)",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"G"]
[null,"Secondary regulation (% per minute)",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"G"]
[null,"Financial data(in 2015€)                                  "]
[null,"Nominal investment (M€/MW) excl. grid connection ",2.214,1.728,1.5,1.2749999999999999,1.5569999999999999,1.8180000000000001,0.99900000000000011,1.377,"H,K,J","[10, 15, 16, 30, 31,33.34]"]
[null,"Nominal investment (M€/MW)  grid connection",0.28187919463087246,0.26806430936778519,0.24862462971572563,0.22490844569524157,0.24369482669798651,0.29487074030456373,0.17992675655619328,0.26989013483428986,"L","[31,35]"]
[null," - of which equipment",0.45,0.45,0.45,0.45,0.4,0.5,0.4,0.5,null,"[26, 12, 27]"]
[null," - of which installation",0.55000000000000004,0.55000000000000004,0.55000000000000004,0.55000000000000004,0.5,0.6,0.5,0.6,null,"[26, 12, 27]"]
[null,"Fixed O&M (€/MW/year)",51570,39870,34020,28890,42800,52400,29000,43600,"I, J, K","[31, 32, 34]"]
[null,"Variable O&M (€/MWh)",3.87,2.9699999999999998,2.4300000000000002,1.9800000000000002,3.15,3.8500000000000005,2,3,"I, J, K","[26, 12, 27, 31,32,34]"]
[null,"Technology specific data"]
[null,"Rotor diameter",164,190,210,240,"---","---","---","---",null,"14, 10"]
[null,"Hub height",103,115,125,140,"---","---","---","---",null,"14, 10"]
[null,"Specific power (W/m2)",379,353,346,332]
[null,"Average capacity factor",0.5,0.51,0.53,0.56000000000000005,0.46,0.56999999999999995,0.46,0.63,null,"8, 27"]
[null,"Average availability (%)",0.96,0.97,0.97,0.98,0.99,0.95,0.99,0.95,null,27]
[null,"Specific area coverage (MW/km2)",5.4,5.4,5.4,5.4,4.9000000000000004,5.9,4.9000000000000004,5.9,"F","14, 10"]
[]
["Notes:"]
["A1 ","The capacity is set to 8 MW, the turbines at Horns Rev 3 is expected to have a capacity of 8.3 MW, it is assumed that the same turbines will be used near shore and off shore"]
["A","The full load hours (annual produktion (MWh) per installed power (MW)) depending on the actual location of the wind farm, wake losses and technological characteristics of the individual turbine. The value is an average for location where it is expected the turbines will be placed. d a Specific area coverage 5,4 MW/km^2 is assumed, further more it is assumed that nearshore turbines are placed in farm with a total capacity of 50 -250 MW  "]
["B","Offshore turbines has typically longer forced outage than onshore due to access problems in harsh weather"]
["C","Planned outage is typically 1-2 service visits a year, with a 1-2 work days"]
["D","The life time depends on the wind conditions; average annual speed and turbulence, relative to the design class of the turbine"]
["E"," The construction time is the periode from FID to commissioning. The construction time depend on the size of the project, vessel available and weather conditions."]
["F","The wake losses will highly depend on the space available per MW, Specific area coverage of 5,4 MW/km^2 is assumed. In a tender typically a given area is available and and a given capacity MW is demanded. "]
["G","Wind turbines can be regulated  downward within short time and can therefore (if the wind is blowing) be used in both the primary and secondary downward regulation."]
["H","The cost includes cost of wind turbines, foundation, installation, planning & development and financing and internal grid connection (array cable)  "]
["I","75 % of the total yearly O&M costs are assumed to be fixed cost and 25 % are assumed to be variable  cost."]
["J","9% learning rate is assumed for total investment cost and for O&M between 2020 and 2030"]
["K","Deducted from , five tenders have been settled for offshore wind farms in Denmark and in the Netherlands,decribed in details in the note [31] Assuming that Nearshore wind frams is 10% cheaper than offshore in 2015 and 2020."]
["L","Assuming that the costs drop by 1% per year between 2015 and 2020, by 0.75% per year between 2020 and 2030 and by 0.5% per year after 2030"]
[]
["References:"]
[6,"The European offshore wind industry – key trends and statistics 2015, EWEA, 2016"]
[8,"Master data register of wind turbines at end of December 2014, Danish Energy Agency (the analysis also utilize earlier years of the same register)"]
[10,"DTU International Energy Report – Wind Energy, DTU, 2014"]
[12,"Renewable Energy Technologies: Cost Analysis Series, IRENA, 2012"]
[13,"B. Christensen, Interviewee, Personal communication/Interviews with Siemens Wind Power + written contribution. [Interview]."]
[14,"Fremtidens havmølleplaceringer - 2025 (Future locations for offshore wind farms; in Danish),” Danish Energy Agency, 2007."]
[15,"Lindø Offshore Renewables Centre, data on offshore wind farms."]
[16,"4 C Offshore, global offshore wind farms database [Online]. Available: http://www.4coffshore.com/windfarms/default.aspx."]
[26,"The Economics of Wind Energy, EWEA, 2009"]
[27,"N. m.fl., Vindmøllers økonomi, EUDP projekt 33033-0196, 2010"]
[30,"http://www.4coffshore.com/windfarms, accessed  27-3-2017"]
[31,"Note made by DEA : \"Notat om teknologiomkostninger for havvind, baggrund for opdatering af CAPEX og OPEX i Teknologikatalogets dataark. \" Energinet.dk and the Danish Energy Agency, 2017, March 28"]
[32,"DONG ENERGY Investor presentation, , DONG Energy, 2016, 12 May "]
[33,"Cost Reduction Monitoring Framework 2016,Offshore Wind Programme Board, Catapult 2016, 2016"]
[34,"Innovation Outlook: Off shore Wind, International Renewable Energy Agency( IRENA), Abu Dhabi, 2016"]
[35,"Energinet.dk, March 2017"]
[]
["All references holds the same numbering as for the chapter \"Wind turbines off-shore\""]

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[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Back to Index"]
["Technology","22 Photovoltaics: SMALL residential systems"]
[null,2015,2020,2030,2050,"Note","Ref"]
["Input"]
["Global horizontal irradiance (kWh/m2/y)",1068,1068,1068,1068,"A",4]
["Energy/technical data"]
["Typical capacity for one installation (kW)(plant capacity) ",6,6,6,6,"B"]
["Typical peak capacity for one installation at STC (kWp)",6.3000000000000007,6.3000000000000007,6.3000000000000007,6.3000000000000007,"B1, C"]
["Energy/technical data - system design"]
["DC/AC sizing factor (Wp/W)",1.05,1.05,1.05,1.05,"D"]
["Transposition Factor for fixed tilt system",1.1000000000000001,1.1000000000000001,1.1000000000000001,1.1000000000000001,"E"]
["Incident Angle Modifier Loss (%)",3.5000000000000003E-2,2.5000000000000001E-2,1.4999999999999999E-2,0.01,"F",13]
["PV systems losses and non-STC corrections (%)",0.15,0.12,0.1,7.0000000000000007E-2,"G"]
["Inverter loss (%)",3.0000000000000027E-2,1.5000000000000013E-2,1.4999999999999999E-2,0.01,"H",13]
["AC grid losses (%)",0,0,0,0,"I"]
["PV module conversion efficiency (%)",0.16500000000000001,0.19,0.23,0.26,""]
["Availability (%)",1,1,1,1,""]
["Technical lifetime of total system (years)",30,35,40,40,""]
["Inverter lifetime (years)",10,15,15,15,""]
["Output"]
["Full load hours (kWh/kW)",981.45684945000016,1042.5016602000001,1077.1302118500003,1124.3630752200002,"L"]
["Peak power full load hours (kWh/kWp)",934.72080900000014,992.85872400000005,1025.8382970000002,1070.8219764,"K, L"]
["Financial data"]
["PV module cost (2015-€/Wp)",0.73,0.31187838791653494,0.22650142547067148,0.15521746421999191,"M,Q","3,11,13"]
["Balance Of Plant cost (2015-€/Wp)",0.77,0.76,0.60155346418111244,0.40430221174397873,"M","-"]
["Specific investment, total system (2015-€/Wp)",1.5007999999999999,1.07,0.82805488965178387,0.55951967596397068,"L, M, N, S","3,10,17,18,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29"]
["Specific investment, total system (2015-M€/MW)",1.58,1.1284318489085394,0.86945763413437305,0.58749565976216922,"M, Q","-"]
["Fixed O&M (2015€/MWp/y)",15000,12800,10300,8700,"R","3, 10"]
["Fixed O&M (2015€/MW/y)",15750,13440,10815,9135]
[]
["Notes:"]
["Residential PV installation with a typical capacity of 4–6 kW, mounted on the roof."]
["A. The global irradiation is a measure of the energy resource potential available and is dependend on geographical location. The average value in Denmark as determined among 25 measurement stations is 1068 (kWh/m2/y) ± 3.1 %. The best sites demonstrate values around 1100 kWh/m2/y. "]
["B.  The area requirements decreas as the efficiency increas. "]
["B1. 6.3 kWp corresponding to a panel area of approximately 25-40 m2. "]
["B2. 110 kWp corresponding to a panel area of approximately 400 – 700 m2."]
["B3: In 2017 a PV-plant with require an area of around 1.3 to 1.7  ha/MWp assuming a module coverage of 35% to 45% and panel size of 1.64 m2 for 275 Wp."]
["C. The peak power of the system is the max. power of the PV modules (DC)."]
["D. The DC/AC shown equals module peak capacity ( in Wp) divided by inverter/ transformer  capacity(Wac,max). The sizing factor is set to the same value for all years. In practice the sizing factor is chosen according to the desired utilisation/loading of the inverter which can also reflect a desire to maximise the energy production from a given (restricted) AC-capacity.\n\n"]
["E. The transposition factor describes the increase in the sunlight energy that can be obtained by tilting the module with respect to horizontal and reduction in received energy when the orientation deviates from South. The TF factor is set to the same value for all years and sizes of the system, as it is not the technical factors of the system, which determine the TF."]
["F. The Incident Angle Modifier (IAM) loss represents the total yearly solar energy that is reflected from the glass when the angle of incidence is different from the perpendicular (the reflections at a normal incidence is already included in the STC efficiency)."]
["G. These losses are calculated by simulating a model-year where corrections are made hour-by-hour due to the fact that the actual operation does not take place under STC conditions. Additionally, electrical losses in cables and combiner boxes are included."]
["H. The inverter loss includes the Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) efficiency and is averaged over typical load levels."]
["I. Not relevant for small and medium size plants."]
["K. Also known as the specific yearly energy production (kWh/kWp) of the PV modules. This value is calculated from this formula: Peak power full load hours = Global horizontal irradiance * (panel area/PV module conversion efficiency ) * transposition factor * (1-incident angle modifier loss) * (1-PV system losses etc.) * (1-inverter loss) * (1-AC grid loss). (Panel area / PV module conversion efficiency) is per definition 1 and can be omitted of the equation."]
["L. Capacity factor = Full load hours / Total number of hours per year (8760 h/y)."]
["M. for roof placed PV the 2015 figure, is first published in 2015, the reference is market prices for PV in 2012/ 2013[7] and in 2014 [19] and it show that the marked prices for PV systems in Denmark were lower than prices found in international studies [3,18], and the prices have been stable or have increased from 2012/2013 to 2014. Therefore the investment in 2015 was assumed to be at same level as in 2012/2013 and 2014. In 2018 investment cost for the system and specific cost of PV panels are found in based on information from international importers and from national sales representatives and installers. In addition, international references ([27], [29]) have been consulted. The investment cost estimates for the system 2020 is based these findings. "]
["M2. Market prices for utility scale PV systems have been estimated based on interviews with Danish developers and an assesment of the prices from Danish and Germany tenders for PV capacity in 2016 and the beginning of 2017. The price analysis is available in the note (in Danish) \"Opdatering af teknologikatalogets solcelledata oktober 2017\" [31](ref 31). "]
["N. The financial values have been discounted as shown in the table below"]
["Real prices",2015,2016,2017,2018,"[LOFT21-prediction from the Danish Finance Act  2018 (FFL18 November 2017)]"]
["BTV for price year (2015) estimated in 2018",1,1.0020793427576533,1.0142269004148008,1.0297402632520201]
["Q. Cost prognoses for  PV panels in  2030 and 2050 are made  keeping the  relative difference to the cost for utility scale PV panels constant."]
["Q2. The prices analysis also contains a forecast of the PV cost in 2020, 2030 and 2050, which based on learning rates for the module and invester (20 % learning rate)and a projection of the cumulated PV capacity based on the IEA's 450 ppm scenario.  \nFor the balance of plant (BoP) a more moderate cost projection is used, assuming that the cost drops by 1% per year until 2020, by 0.75% p.a. between 2020 and 2030 and then by 0.5% p.a. from 2030 to 2050\n"]
["R. The cost of O&M includes insurance and regular replacement of inverters. The O&M cost for rooftop PV is calculated, assuming that the relation between the cost of O&M for  rooftop PV and for utility scale PV is constant from 2015 to 2050. Note that the O&M costs for plants in Denmark are assumed significant lower than international estimates in [27] and [29]."]
["R2. The cost of O&M includes insurance and regular replacement of inverters and land-lease. The cost of land lease amounts in 2017 to approx. 25% -30% of the fixed O & M cost. As the efficiency of the new solar panels increases, the required area per MWp will be lower. The same development is assumed for other O & M expenses."]
["S. The investment prices for PV systems in 2020, 2030 and 2050 are based on information from international importers and from national sales representatives and installers. In addition, international references ([27], [29]) have been consulted."]
[]
["References"]
["1.      NPD Solarbuzz PV Equipment Quarterly report, July 2013."]
["2.      IEA PVPS Trends 2013 in Photovoltaic Applications – 2014 Edition, 2014/05/06 p. 53."]
["3.      IEA,“Energy Technology Perspectives. Technology Roadmap: Solar Photovoltaic Energy, 2014 edition”, \nOECD/International Energy Agency, 2014 for 2015 cost."]
["4.      Peter Riddersholm Wang, DMI Teknisk Rapport 13-08, Referenceværdier: Måneds- og årsværdier \nfor stationer 2001 - 2010, Danmark for temperatur, relativ luftfugtighed, vindhastighed, globalstråling og nedbør."]
["5.       M.J. (Mariska) de Wild-Scholten. “Energy payback time and carbon footprint of commercial photovoltaic\nSystems”. Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells 119 (2013) 296–305."]
["6.       “Solceller. Dansk strategi for forskning, udvikling, demonstration og udbredelse” (Solar cells. A Danish \nstrategy for research, development, demonstration and deployment), Danish Energy Agency, Energy Technology Development Programme (EUDP), and Energinet.dk, 2009."]
["7.       Prices from; Solcellepriser.dk, pricelist small plants 15 cheapest plants used,  "]
["8.       EIA report: “Levelized Cost of New Generation Resources” in the Annual Energy Outlook 2013, U.S. \nEnergy Information Administration, January 2013."]
["9.       P. Ahm and J. Vedde, “Large Scale PV Plants – Also in Denmark”. Project report, 2011."]
["10.   IEA-ETSAP and IRENA Technology Policy Brief E11, January 2013."]
["11.   Ubiquity Solar Inc. 2012, Extrapolation of PV module experience curve."]
["12.   Pierre Verlinden. Trina Solar SKL presentation April 16th 2013."]
["13.   IRTPV. International Technology Roadmap for Photovoltaic, Results 2013. March 2014 for 2015 cost."]
["14.   Thibaut Lemonie. Assessing the real quality of PV modules. Photovoltaics Int. Aug 2011, p. 177."]
["15.   M. Bolinger and S. Weaver. Utility-Scale Solar 2012. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. September 2013."]
["16.   IEA PVPS Task 14 reports."]
["17.   HOFOR plan, plant in Guderup (websearch) and 2 other plants (anonymous, Jan Vedde 2014) all four large and DK for 2015 cost."]
["18.   David Feldman et al. Photovoltaic System Pricing Trends, Historical, Recent, and Near-Term Projections \nedition 2014. SUNSHOT U.S. Department of Energy, National Renewable Energy Laboratory and Lawrence \nBerkeley National Laboratory , September 22, 2014"]
["19.   Websearch by Jan Vedde November 2014 Prices for seven small plants for sale in DK in November 2014 for\n2015 cost."]
["20.   http://www.photovoltaik-guide.de/pv-preisindex, “Photovoltaik-preisindex” PV system up to 100 kWp, \naverage 2014.for 2015 cost "]
["21.   Prices for nine large and medium size systems 2013-2014(Confidential) for 2015 cost."]
["22.   Gaia solar, BIOFOS Rensningsanlæg Damhusåen, large system 2013 for 2015 cost."]
["23.   Gaia solar general offer 250 kW system 2014 for 2015 cost."]
["24.   Anonym DK EPC#1 offering 0.91 2014-€/Wp for MW projects in DK for 2015 cost"]
["25.   Anonym DK EPC#1 offering 0.95 2014-€/Wp for MW projects in DK for 2015 cost"]
["26. \nSales representatives from 5 suppliers (in random order): "]
["o    Changzhou EGing Photovoltaic Technology Co., Ltd.,"]
["o    China Sunergy (Nanjing) Co.,Ltd,"]
["o    Trinasolar,"]
["o    ZNSHINE PV-TECH CO., LTD. "]
["o    Elkem Solar"]
["27: Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2017, IRENA, januar 2018"]
["28. Solar-installation companies' websites 1.-5. March 2018:"]
[" https://www.vivaenergi.dk"]
["https://xn--billigtsolcelleanlg-2xb.dk"]
["https://klimaenergi.dk"]
["29. Cost development of low carbon energy technologies, Scenario-based cost trajectories to 2050, 2017 edition, \nTsiropoulos, I. Tarvydas, D., Zucker, A. ,JRC,January 2018  "]
["30. [LOFT21-prediction from the Danish Finance Act  2018 (FFL18 November 2017)]"]
["     31. Ea Energy Analyses, Danish Energy Agency and Energinet.dk. \"Opdatering teknologikatalogets solcelledata\", June 2017."]

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[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Back to Index"]
["Technology","22 Photovoltaics: MEDIUM sized commercial systems"]
[null,2015,2020,2030,2050,"Note","Ref"]
["Input"]
["Global horizontal irradiance (kWh/m2/y)",1068,1068,1068,1068,"A",4]
["Energy/technical data"]
["Typical capacity for one installation (kW)(plant capacity) ",100,100,100,100,"B",""]
["Typical peak capacity for one installation at STC (kWp)",110.00000000000001,110.00000000000001,110.00000000000001,110.00000000000001,"B2, C",""]
["Energy/technical data - system design"]
["DC/AC sizing factor (Wp/W)",1.1000000000000001,1.1000000000000001,1.1000000000000001,1.1000000000000001,"D",""]
["Transposition Factor for fixed tilt system",1.1000000000000001,1.1000000000000001,1.1000000000000001,1.1000000000000001,"E",""]
["Incident Angle Modifier Loss (%)",3.5000000000000003E-2,2.5000000000000001E-2,1.4999999999999999E-2,0.01,"F",13]
["PV systems losses and non-STC corrections (%)",0.14000000000000001,0.09,7.0000000000000007E-2,0.05,"G",""]
["Inverter loss (%)",2.5000000000000022E-2,1.5000000000000013E-2,1.4999999999999999E-2,0.01,"H",13]
["AC grid losses (%)",0,0,0,0,"I",""]
["PV module conversion efficiency (%)",0.16500000000000001,0.19,0.23,0.26,"",13]
["Availability (%)",1,1,1,1,"",""]
["Technical lifetime of total system (years)",30,35,40,40,"",""]
["Inverter lifetime (years)",10,15,15,15,"",""]
["Output"]
["Full load hours (kWh/kW)",1045.6515927000003,1129.3767985500001,1166.03619759,1203.2354466000002,"L",""]
["Peak power full load hours (kWh/kWp)",950.59235700000011,1026.7061805000001,1060.0329068999999,1093.850406,"K, L",""]
["Financial data"]
["PV module cost (2015-€/Wp)",0.69658559999999992,0.28588852225682376,0.20762630668144891,0.1422826755349926,"M,Q","3,11,13"]
["Balance Of Plant cost (2015-€/Wp)",0.52549440000000003,0.44475410450756764,0.36664119035280868,0.30685702813557747,"M","-"]
["Specific investment, total system (2015-€/Wp)",1.2220800000000001,0.7306426267643914,0.57426749703425761,0.44913970367057005,"L, M, N, S","3,10,17,18,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29"]
["Specific investment, total system (2015-M€/MW)",1.3442880000000001,0.80370688944083057,0.63169424673768337,0.49405367403762707,"M, Q","-"]
["Fixed O&M (2015€/MWp/y)",12200,10400,8400,7100,"R","3, 10"]
["Fixed O&M (2015€/MW/y)",13420.000000000002,11440.000000000002,9240,7810.0000000000009]
["Notes:",null,{"$f":"C25/B25","v":0.84635365192772294},{"$f":"D25/C25","v":0.82436831192093063},{"$f":"E25/D25","v":0.83694095538010183}]
["Commercial PV systems with a typical plant capacity of 50–500kW , typically installed on roofs of residential, office or public buildings."]
["A. The global irradiation is a measure of the energy resource potential available and is depended on the exact geographical location. The average value in Denmark as determined among 25 measurement stations is 1068 (kWh/m2/y) ± 3.1 %. The best sites demonstrate values around 1100 kWh/m2/y. "]
["B.  The  area requirements  decreas as the efficiency increas. "]
["B1. 6.3 kWp corresponding to a panel area of approximately 25-40 m2. "]
["B2. 110 kWp corresponding to a panel area of approximately 400 – 700 m2."]
["B3: In 2017 a PV-plant with require an area of around 1.3 to 1.7  ha/MWp assuming a module coverage of 35% to 45% and panel size of 1.64 m2 for 275Wp."]
["C. The peak power of the system is the max. power of the PV modules(DC)."]
["D. The DC/AC shown equals module peak capacity ( in Wp) divided by inverter/ transformer  capacity(Wac,max). The sizing factor is set to the same value for all years. In practice the sizing factor is chosen according to the desired utilisation/loading of the inverter which can also reflect a desire to maximise the energy production from a given (restricted) AC-capacity.\n\n"]
["E. The transposition factor describes the increase in the sunlight energy that can be obtained by tilting the module with respect to horizontal and reduction in received energy when the orientation deviates from South. The TF factor is set to the same value for all years and sizes of the system, as it is not the technical factors of the system, which determine the TF."]
["F. The Incident Angle Modifier (IAM) loss represents the total yearly solar energy that is reflected from the glass when the angle of incidence is different from the perpendicular (the reflections at a normal incidence is already included in the STC efficiency)."]
["G. These losses are calculated by simulating a model-year where corrections are made hour-by-hour due to the fact that the actual operation does not take place under STC conditions. Additionally, electrical losses in cables and combiner boxes are included."]
["H. The inverter loss includes the Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) efficiency and is averaged over typical load levels."]
["I. Not relevant for small and medium size plants."]
["K. Also known as the specific yearly energy production (kWh/kWp) of the PV modules. This value is calculated from this formula: Peak power full load hours = Global horizontal irradiance * (panel area/PV module conversion efficiency ) * transposition factor * (1-incident angle modifier loss) * (1-PV system losses etc.) * (1-inverter loss) * (1-AC grid loss). (Panel area / PV module conversion efficiency) is per definition 1 and can be omitted of the equation."]
["L. Capacity factor = Full load hours / Total number of hours per year (8760 h/y)."]
["M. for roof placed PV the 2015 figure, is first published in 2015, the reference is market prices for PV in 2012/ 2013[7] and in 2014 [19] and it show that the marked prices for PV systems in Denmark were lower than prices found in international studies [3,18], and the prices have been stable or have increased from 2012/2013 to 2014. Therefore the investment in 2015 was assumed to be at same level as in 2012/2013 and 2014. In 2018 investment cost for the system and specific cost of PV panels are found in based on information from international importers and from national sales representatives and installers. In addition, international references ([27], [29]) have been consulted. The investment cost estimates for the system 2020 is based these findings. "]
["M2. Market prices for utility scale PV systems have been estimated based on interviews with Danish developers and an assesment of the prices from Danish and Germany tenders for PV capacity in 2016 and the beginning of 2017. The price analysis is available in the note (in Danish) \"Opdatering af teknologikatalogets solcelledata oktober 2017\" [31](ref 31). "]
["N. The financial values have been discounted as shown in the table below"]
["Real prices",2015,2016,2017,2018,"[LOFT21-prediction from the Danish Finance Act  2018 (FFL18 November 2017)]"]
["BTV for price year (2015) estimated in 2018",1,1.0020793427576533,1.0142269004148008,1.0297402632520201]
["Q. Cost prognoses for  PV panels in  2030 and 2050 are made  keeping the  relative difference to the cost for utility scale PV panels constant."]
["Q2. The prices analysis also contains a forecast of the PV cost in 2020, 2030 and 2050, which based on learning rates for the module and invester (20 % learning rate)and a projection of the cumulated PV capacity based on the IEA's 450 ppm scenario.  \nFor the balance of plant (BoP) a more moderate cost projection is used, assuming that the cost drops by 1% per year until 2020, by 0.75% p.a. between 2020 and 2030 and then by 0.5% p.a. from 2030 to 2050\n"]
["R. The cost of O&M includes insurance and regular replacement of inverters. The O&M cost for rooftop PV is calculated, assuming that the relation between the cost of O&M for  rooftop PV and for utility scale PV is constant from 2015 to 2050. Note that the O&M costs for plants in Denmark are assumed significant lower than international estimates in [27] and [29]."]
["R2. The cost of O&M includes insurance and regular replacement of inverters and land-lease. The cost of land lease amounts in 2017 to approx. 25% -30% of the fixed O & M cost. As the efficiency of the new solar panels increases, the required area per MWp will be lower. The same development is assumed for other O & M expenses."]
["S. The investment prices for PV systems in 2020, 2030 and 2050 are based on information from international importers and from national sales representatives and installers. In addition, international references ([27], [29]) have been consulted."]
[]
[]
["References"]
["1.      NPD Solarbuzz PV Equipment Quarterly report, July 2013."]
["2.      IEA PVPS Trends 2013 in Photovoltaic Applications – 2014 Edition, 2014/05/06 p. 53."]
["3.      IEA,“Energy Technology Perspectives. Technology Roadmap: Solar Photovoltaic Energy, 2014 edition”, \nOECD/International Energy Agency, 2014 for 2015 cost."]
["4.      Peter Riddersholm Wang, DMI Teknisk Rapport 13-08, Referenceværdier: Måneds- og årsværdier \nfor stationer 2001 - 2010, Danmark for temperatur, relativ luftfugtighed, vindhastighed, globalstråling og nedbør."]
["5.       M.J. (Mariska) de Wild-Scholten. “Energy payback time and carbon footprint of commercial \nphotovoltaicSystems”. Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells 119 (2013) 296–305."]
["6.       “Solceller. Dansk strategi for forskning, udvikling, demonstration og udbredelse” (Solar cells. A Danish \nstrategy for research, development, demonstration and deployment), Danish Energy Agency, Energy Technology Development Programme (EUDP), and Energinet.dk, 2009."]
["7.       Prices from; Solcellepriser.dk, pricelist small plants 15 cheapest plants used,  "]
["8.       EIA report: “Levelized Cost of New Generation Resources” in the Annual Energy Outlook 2013, U.S. \nEnergy Information Administration, January 2013."]
["9.       P. Ahm and J. Vedde, “Large Scale PV Plants – Also in Denmark”. Project report, 2011."]
["10.   IEA-ETSAP and IRENA Technology Policy Brief E11, January 2013."]
["11.   Ubiquity Solar Inc. 2012, Extrapolation of PV module experience curve."]
["12.   Pierre Verlinden. Trina Solar SKL presentation April 16th 2013."]
["13.   IRTPV. International Technology Roadmap for Photovoltaic, Results 2013. March 2014 for 2015 cost."]
["14.   Thibaut Lemonie. Assessing the real quality of PV modules. Photovoltaics Int. Aug 2011, p. 177."]
["15.   M. Bolinger and S. Weaver. Utility-Scale Solar 2012. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. \nSeptember 2013."]
["16.   IEA PVPS Task 14 reports."]
["17.   HOFOR plan, plant in Guderup (websearch) and 2 other plants (anonymous, Jan Vedde 2014) all four large\n and DK for 2015 cost."]
["18.   David Feldman et al. Photovoltaic System Pricing Trends, Historical, Recent, and Near-Term Projections \nedition 2014. SUNSHOT U.S. Department of Energy, National Renewable Energy Laboratory and Lawrence \nBerkeley National Laboratory , September 22, 2014"]
["19.   Websearch by Jan Vedde November 2014 Prices for seven small plants for sale in DK in November\n2014 for 2015 cost."]
["20.   http://www.photovoltaik-guide.de/pv-preisindex, “Photovoltaik-preisindex” PV system up to 100 kWp, \naverage 2014.for 2015 cost "]
["21.   Prices for nine large and medium size systems 2013-2014(Confidential) for 2015 cost."]
["22.   Gaia solar, BIOFOS Rensningsanlæg Damhusåen, large system 2013 for 2015 cost."]
["23.   Gaia solar general offer 250 kW system 2014 for 2015 cost."]
["24.   Anonym DK EPC#1 offering 0.91 2014-€/Wp for MW projects in DK for 2015 cost"]
["25.   Anonym DK EPC#1 offering 0.95 2014-€/Wp for MW projects in DK for 2015 cost"]
["26. \nSales representatives from 5 suppliers (in random order): "]
["o    Changzhou EGing Photovoltaic Technology Co., Ltd.,"]
["o    China Sunergy (Nanjing) Co.,Ltd,"]
["o    Trinasolar,"]
["o    ZNSHINE PV-TECH CO., LTD. "]
["o    Elkem Solar"]
["27: Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2017, IRENA, januar 2018"]
["28. Solar-installation companies' websites 1.-5. March 2018:"]
[" https://www.vivaenergi.dk"]
["https://xn--billigtsolcelleanlg-2xb.dk"]
["https://klimaenergi.dk"]
["29. Cost development of low carbon energy technologies, Scenario-based cost trajectories to 2050, 2017 edition, \nTsiropoulos, I. Tarvydas, D., Zucker, A. January 2018  "]
["30. [LOFT21-prediction from the Danish Finance Act  2018 (FFL18 November 2017)]"]
["     31. Ea Energy Analyses, Danish Energy Agency and Energinet.dk. \"Opdatering teknologikatalogets solcelledata\", June 2017."]

{"sheet":"22 Photovoltaics  LARGE new","index":39,"n_rows":101,"n_cols":8,"rows_kept":101,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[58,0,58,6],[49,0,49,6],[50,0,50,6],[51,0,51,6],[54,0,54,6],[1,1,1,6],[3,0,3,6],[5,0,5,6],[8,0,8,6],[19,0,19,6],[22,0,22,6],[34,0,34,6],[35,0,35,6],[36,0,36,6],[37,0,37,6],[38,0,38,6],[55,0,55,6],[56,0,56,6],[57,0,57,6],[39,0,39,6],[40,0,40,6],[41,0,41,6],[42,0,42,6],[43,0,43,6],[44,0,44,6],[45,0,45,6],[46,0,46,6],[47,0,47,6],[48,0,48,6]]}
["Updated October 2017 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,"Back to Index"]
["Technology","22 Photovoltaics: LARGE scale utility systems"]
[null,2015,2020,2030,2050,"Note","Ref"]
["Input"]
["Global horizontal irradiance (kWh/m2/y)",1068,1068,1068,1068,"A2",4]
["Energy/technical data"]
["Typical capacity for one installation (kW)(plant capacity) ",4000,4000,4000,4000,"B3",""]
["Typical peak capacity for one installation at STC (kWp)",5400,5400,5400,5400,"C",""]
["Energy/technical data - system design"]
["DC/ACMAX sizing factor (Wp/Wac)",1.35,1.35,1.35,1.35,"D",31]
["Transposition Factor for fixed tilt system",1.1499999999999999,1.1499999999999999,1.1499999999999999,1.1499999999999999,"E",31]
["Incident Angle Modifier Loss (%)",0.03,2.5000000000000001E-2,1.4999999999999999E-2,0.01,"F",13]
["PV systems losses and non-STC corrections (%)",0.13,0.09,7.0000000000000007E-2,0.05,"G",""]
["Inverter loss (%)",3.1E-2,2.6000000000000002E-2,2.6000000000000002E-2,2.1000000000000001E-2,"H, H2",13]
["AC grid losses (%)",0.01,0.01,0.01,0.01,"I",""]
["PV module conversion efficiency (%)",0.16500000000000001,0.19,0.23,0.26,"",13]
["Availability (%)",1,1,1,1,"",""]
["Technical lifetime of total system (years)",30,35,40,40,"",""]
["Inverter lifetime (years)",10,15,15,15,"",""]
["Output"]
["Full load hours (kWh/kWacmax)",1340,1420,1460,1510,"L",""]
["Peak power full load hours (kWh/kWp)",{"$f":"B5*B11*(1-B12)*(1-B13)*(1-B14)*(1-B15)","v":994.30369099379982},1050,1080,1120,"K, L",""]
["Financial data (in 2015€) "]
["PV module (2015-€/Wp)",0.62175999999999998,0.25989865659711248,0.18875118789222625,0.12934788684999327,"M2,Q2",31]
["Inverter and transformer (2015-€/Wp)",9.5288888888888895E-2,4.5923877653205478E-2,3.3352178780581283E-2,2.2855664620106204E-2,null,31]
["Balance Of Plant , mark-up & contingency cost (2015-€/Wp)",0.36448000000000003,0.31072423661520876,0.2881909137936205,0.26070052093762802,"M2,Q2",31]
["Specific investment, total system (2015-€/Wp)",1.0815288888888888,0.61654677086552678,0.510294280466428,0.41290407240772753,"M2,Q2,N",31]
["PV module cost (€/Wacmax)",0.83937600000000001,0.35086318640610187,0.25481410365450546,0.17461964724749093,null,31]
["Inverter and transformer(€/Wacmax)",7.05843621399177E-2,6.1997234831827397E-2,4.5025441353784737E-2,3.0855147237143377E-2,null,31]
["Balance Of Plant , mark-up & contingency cost (€/Wacmax)",0.49204800000000004,0.41947771943053186,0.38905773362138768,0.35194570326579783,null,31]
["Specific investment, total system (€/Wacmax)",1.460064,0.83233814066846112,0.68889727862967787,0.55742049775043212,null,31]
["Fixed O&M (2015-€/MWp/y)",9500,8100,6500,5500,"Q2, R2",31]
["Fixed O&M (2015-€/MWacmax/y)",12800,10900,8800,7400]
["Notes:"]
["Data applies to utility scale PV installation typically mounted on the ground, with capacity of 1 MWp and larger. Threshold for maximum capacity limit is not indicated as solar systems are largely modular and the costs  are largely proportional  to the size of the plant when the plant is larger than app. 1 MW."]
["A. The global irradiation is a measure of the energy resource potential available and is depended on the exact geographical location. The average value in Denmark as determined among 25 measurement stations is 1068 (kWh/m2/y) ± 3.1 %. The best sites demonstrate values around 1100 kWh/m2/y. "]
["B.  The  area requirements  decreas as the efficiency increas. "]
["B1. 6.3 kWp corresponding to a panel area of approximately 25-40 m2. "]
["B2. 110 kWp corresponding to a panel area of approximately 400 – 700 m2."]
["B3: In 2017 a PV-plant with require an area of around 1.3 to 1.7  ha/MWp assuming a module coverage of 35% to 45% and panel size of 1.64 m2 for 275Wp."]
["C. The peak power of the system is the max. power of the PV modules(DC)."]
["D. The DC/AC shown equals module peak capacity ( in Wp) divided by inverter/ transformer  capacity(Wac,max). The sizing factor is set to the same value for all years. In practice the sizing factor is chosen according to the desired utilisation/loading of the inverter which can also reflect a desire to maximise the energy production from a given (restricted) AC-capacity.\n\n"]
["E. The transposition factor describes the increase in the sunlight energy that can be obtained by tilting the module with respect to horizontal and reduction in received energy when the orientation deviates from South. The TF factor is set to the same value for all years and sizes of the system, as it is not the technical factors of the system, which determine the TF."]
["F. The Incident Angle Modifier (IAM) loss represents the total yearly solar energy that is reflected from the glass when the angle of incidence is different from the perpendicular (the reflections at a normal incidence is already included in the STC efficiency)."]
["G. These losses are calculated by simulating a model-year where corrections are made hour-by-hour due to the fact that the actual operation does not take place under STC conditions. Additionally, electrical losses in cables and combiner boxes are included."]
["H. The inverter loss includes the Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) efficiency and is averaged over typical load levels."]
["I. Not relevant for small and medium size plants."]
["K. Also known as the specific yearly energy production (kWh/kWp) of the PV modules. This value is calculated from this formula: Peak power full load hours = Global horizontal irradiance * (panel area/PV module conversion efficiency ) * transposition factor * (1-incident angle modifier loss) * (1-PV system losses etc.) * (1-inverter loss) * (1-AC grid loss). (Panel area / PV module conversion efficiency) is per definition 1 and can be omitted of the equation."]
["L. Capacity factor = Full load hours / Total number of hours per year (8760 h/y)."]
["M. for roof placed PV the 2015 figure, is first published in 2015, the reference is market prices for PV in 2012/ 2013[7] and in 2014 [19] and it show that the marked prices for PV systems in Denmark were lower than prices found in international studies [3,18], and the prices have been stable or have increased from 2012/2013 to 2014. Therefore the investment in 2015 was assumed to be at same level as in 2012/2013 and 2014. In 2018 investment cost for the system and specific cost of PV panels are found in based on information from international importers and from national sales representatives and installers. In addition, international references ([27], [29]) have been consulted. The investment cost estimates for the system 2020 is based these findings. "]
["M2. Market prices for utility scale PV systems have been estimated based on interviews with Danish developers and an assesment of the prices from Danish and Germany tenders for PV capacity in 2016 and the beginning of 2017. The price analysis is available in the note (in Danish) \"Opdatering af teknologikatalogets solcelledata oktober 2017\" [31](ref 31). "]
["N. The financial values have been discounted as shown in the table below"]
["Real prices",2015,2016,2017,2018,"[LOFT21-prediction from the Danish Finance Act  2018 (FFL18 November 2017)]"]
["BTV for price year (2015) estimated in 2018",1,1.0020793427576533,1.0142269004148008,1.0297402632520201]
["Q. Cost prognoses for  PV panels in  2030 and 2050 are made  keeping the  relative difference to the cost for utility scale PV panels constant."]
["Q2. The prices analysis also contains a forecast of the PV cost in 2020, 2030 and 2050, which based on learning rates for the module and invester (20 % learning rate)and a projection of the cumulated PV capacity based on the IEA's 450 ppm scenario.  \nFor the balance of plant (BoP) a more moderate cost projection is used, assuming that the cost drops by 1% per year until 2020, by 0.75% p.a. between 2020 and 2030 and then by 0.5% p.a. from 2030 to 2050\n"]
["R. The cost of O&M includes insurance and regular replacement of inverters. The O&M cost for rooftop PV is calculated, assuming that the relation between the cost of O&M for  rooftop PV and for utility scale PV is constant from 2015 to 2050. Note that the O&M costs for plants in Denmark are assumed significant lower than international estimates in [27] and [29]."]
["R2. The cost of O&M includes insurance and regular replacement of inverters and land-lease. The cost of land lease amounts in 2017 to approx. 25% -30% of the fixed O & M cost. As the efficiency of the new solar panels increases, the required area per MWp will be lower. The same development is assumed for other O & M expenses."]
["S. The investment prices for PV systems in 2020, 2030 and 2050 are based on information from international importers and from national sales representatives and installers. In addition, international references ([27], [29]) have been consulted."]
[]
[]
["References"]
["1.      NPD Solarbuzz PV Equipment Quarterly report, July 2013."]
["2.      IEA PVPS Trends 2013 in Photovoltaic Applications – 2014 Edition, 2014/05/06 p. 53."]
["3.      IEA,“Energy Technology Perspectives. Technology Roadmap: Solar Photovoltaic Energy, 2014 edition”, OECD/International Energy Agency, 2014."]
["4.      Peter Riddersholm Wang, DMI Teknisk Rapport 13-08, Referenceværdier: Måneds- og årsværdier for stationer 2001 - 2010, Danmark for temperatur, relativ luftfugtighed, vindhastighed, globalstråling og nedbør."]
["5.       M.J. (Mariska) de Wild-Scholten. “Energy payback time and carbon footprint of commercial photovoltaic Systems”. Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells 119 (2013) 296–305."]
["6.       “Solceller. Dansk strategi for forskning, udvikling, demonstration og udbredelse” (Solar cells. A Danish strategy for research, development, demonstration and deployment), Danish Energy Agency, Energy Technology Development Programme (EUDP), and Energinet.dk, 2009."]
["7.       Prices from; Solcellepriser.dk, pricelist small plants 15 cheapest plants used,  "]
["8.       EIA report: “Levelized Cost of New Generation Resources” in the Annual Energy Outlook 2013, U.S. Energy Information Administration, January 2013."]
["9.       P. Ahm and J. Vedde, “Large Scale PV Plants – Also in Denmark”. Project report, 2011."]
["10.   IEA-ETSAP and IRENA Technology Policy Brief E11, January 2013."]
["11.   Ubiquity Solar Inc. 2012, Extrapolation of PV module experience curve."]
["12.   Pierre Verlinden. Trina Solar SKL presentation April 16th 2013."]
["13.   IRTPV. International Technology Roadmap for Photovoltaic, Results 2013. March 2014."]
["14.   Thibaut Lemonie. Assessing the real quality of PV modules. Photovoltaics Int. Aug 2011, p. 177."]
["15.   M. Bolinger and S. Weaver. Utility-Scale Solar 2012. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. September 2013."]
["16.   IEA PVPS Task 14 reports."]
["17.   HOFOR plan, plant in Guderup (websearch) and 2 other plants (anonymous, Jan Vedde 2014) all four large and DK."]
["18.   David Feldman et al. Photovoltaic System Pricing Trends, Historical, Recent, and Near-Term Projections edition 2014. SUNSHOT U.S. Department of Energy, National Renewable Energy Laboratory and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , September 22, 2014"]
["19.   Websearch by Jan Vedde November 2014 Prices for seven small plants for sale in DK in November 2014,"]
["20.   http://www.photovoltaik-guide.de/pv-preisindex, “Photovoltaik-preisindex” PV system up to 100 kWp, average 2014. "]
["21.   Prices for nine large and medium size systems 2013-2014(Confidential)."]
["22.   Gaia solar, BIOFOS Rensningsanlæg Damhusåen, large system 2013."]
["23.   Gaia solar general offer 250 kW system 2014. "]
["24.   Anonym DK EPC#1 offering 0.91 2014-€/Wp for MW projects in DK "]
["25.   Anonym DK EPC#1 offering 0.95 2014-€/Wp for MW projects in DK"]
["26. \nSales representatives from 5 suppliers (in random order): "]
["o    Changzhou EGing Photovoltaic Technology Co., Ltd.,"]
["o    China Sunergy (Nanjing) Co.,Ltd,"]
["o    Trinasolar,"]
["o    ZNSHINE PV-TECH CO., LTD. "]
["o    Elkem Solar"]
["27: Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2017, IRENA, januar 2018"]
["28. Solar-installation companies' websites 1.-5. March 2018:"]
[" https://www.vivaenergi.dk"]
["https://xn--billigtsolcelleanlg-2xb.dk"]
["https://klimaenergi.dk"]
["29. Cost development of low carbon energy technologies, Scenario-based cost trajectories to 2050, 2017 edition, \nTsiropoulos, I. Tarvydas, D., Zucker, A. January 2018  "]
["30. [LOFT21-prediction from the Danish Finance Act  2018 (FFL18 November 2017)]"]
["     31. Ea Energy Analyses, Danish Energy Agency and Energinet.dk. \"Opdatering teknologikatalogets solcelledata\", June 2017."]

{"sheet":"23 Wave Energy","index":40,"n_rows":24,"n_cols":8,"rows_kept":24,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[2,2,2,7],[4,1,4,7],[11,1,11,7],[21,1,21,7],[22,1,22,7]]}
[null,"23  Wave Energy",null,null,null,null,null,"Back to Index"]
[]
[null,null,"Wave Power"]
[null,null,2015,2020,2030,2050,"Note","Ref"]
[null,"Energy/technical data"]
[null,"Generating capacity for one power plant (MW)"," 1.0 - 30","2.0 - 50","10 - 100","50 - 500",null,"1;1;4;4"]
[null,"Length of installation of one power plant km","0.2 - 2","0.2 - 5.0","1 - 20","5 - 100",null,"1;1;4;4"]
[null,"Annual generated electricity production (MWh/MW)",1500,2500,3500,4500,null,4]
[null,"Availlability (%)",90,95,97,98,null,4]
[null,"Technical lifetime (years)",10,20,25,30,null,4]
[null,"Construction time","3 - 4","3 - 4","3 - 4","3 - 4","C",4]
[null,"Financial data"]
[null,"Nominal investment (M€/MW)","4.6-11","3.8-9.0","2.2-4.5",1.6,"A+B","2;2;2;3"]
[null,"O&M (€/MWh)",20,15,10,7,null,4]
[]
["References:"]
[1,"Wave Net final report, Project no. ERK5 – CT –1999-20001 (2000 - 2003)"]
[2,"“Energy Technology Perspectives 2008”, International Energy Agency, 2008."]
[3,"“Energy Technology Perspectives 2010”, International Energy Agency, 2010."]
[4,"Danish Wave Energy Association, 2012"]
["Notes:"]
["A","The cost presented provides an estimate for what capital cost and operating costs of wave power converters might be in the future assuming all R&D challenges have been overcome, that economics of scale have been realized and that efficiencies in production and operation due to the learning curve effect have been achieved."]
["B","Cost data are the same as in the 2010 catalogue, however inflated from price level 2008 to 2011 by multiplying with a general inflation factor 1.053"]
["C","Much dependent on plant size and location."]

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[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Back to Index"]
[]
[null,"Technology","40 Electrical compression heat pumps - district heating"]
[null,null,2015,2020,2030,2050,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty (2050)",null,"Note","Ref"]
[null,"Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper"]
[null,"Heat generation capacity for one unit (MWheat)",4,4,4,4,3,6,3,10,null,3]
[null,"Total efficiency, net (%), name plate","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A"]
[null,"Total eff., net (%), annual average, ambient heat source, no dev. in supply temp.",350,360,380,410,350,380,350,450,"A, F, J, K",4]
[null,"Total eff., net (%), annual average, ambient heat source, reduced supply temp.",350,400,480,600,350,450,350,700,"A, B, F, J","3, 4"]
[null,"Total eff., net (%), annual average, waste heat 20° C, reduced supply temp.",440,500,600,740,440,600,440,850,"A, B, F, J","3, 4"]
[null,"Total eff., net (%), annual average, waste heat 40° C, reduced supply temp.",700,900,1200,1800,700,1200,700,2000,"A, B, F, J","3, 4"]
[null,"Electricity consumption for pumps etc. (% of heat gen)",2,2,2,2,1,4,1,4,"I, M",3]
[null,"Forced outage (%)",0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,"G",3]
[null,"Planned outage (weeks per year)",0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,0,1,0,1,"H",3]
[null,"Technical lifetime (years)",25,25,25,25,15,30,15,30,null,3]
[null,"Construction time (years)",0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,0.3,0.7,0.3,0.7,"C"]
[null,"Space requirement (1000m2 per MWheat)",0.02,0.02,0.02,0.02,0.01,0.04,0.01,0.04,null,1]
[null,"Regulation ability"]
[null,"Primary regulation (% per 30 seconds)",10,10,10,10,10,25,10,30,"D",3]
[null,"Secondary regulation (% per minute)",20,20,20,20,20,40,20,40,"D",3,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null," "]
[null,"Minimum load (% of full load)",10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,"D",3]
[null,"Warm start-up time (hours)",0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,null,3]
[null,"Cold start-up time (hours)",6,6,6,6,1,12,1,12,"E","8,10"]
[null,"Environment"]
[null,"SO2 (g per GJ fuel) ",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0]
[null,"NOX (g per GJ fuel) ",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0]
[null,"CH4 (g per GJ fuel)",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0]
[null,"N2O (g per GJ fuel)",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0]
[null,"Financial data (in 2015€)                           "]
[null,"Nominal investment (M€ per MWheat)",0.7,0.65799999999999992,0.59219999999999995,0.53298000000000001,0.5,1,0.5,1,"A, L"]
[null," - of which equipment (%)",50,50,50,50,30,70,30,70,null,3]
[null," - of which installation (%)",50,50,50,50,30,70,30,70,null,3]
[null,"Fixed O&M (€/MWheat/year)",2000,2000,2000,2000,1000,3000,1000,3000,null,3]
[null,"Variable O&M (€/MWhheat)",{"$f":"SUM(C35:C36)","v":3.3},{"$f":"SUM(D35:D36)","v":3.2},3.7,3.9,2.2000000000000002,4.8,2.7,6.7]
[null,"- of which is electricity costs (€/MWhheat)",1.3,1.4,2,2.2999999999999998,0.7,2.8,1.2,4.7,"M"]
[null,"- of which is other O&M costs (€/MWhheat)",2,1.8,1.7,1.6,1.5,2,1.5,2,"F",3]
[null,"Technology specific data"]
[]
[]
["References:"]
[1,"Teknologisk Institut, 2015"]
[3,"Drejebog til store varmepumpeprojekter i fjernvarmesystemet, 2014, see http://www.planenergi.dk/varmepumper/"]
[4,"Udredning vedrørende varmelagringsteknologier og store varmepumper til brug i fjernvarmesystemer, 2013"]
[8,"Innoterm, 2015"]
[10,"Johnson Controls, 2015"]
[]
["Notes:"]
["A","Actual development within COP optimization and reduced investment cost depends on the development in fuel and electricity prices. "]
["B"]
["C","The development within construction time will depend on future production figures and standardization of plants."]
["D","The regulation ability of large heat pumps will depend on the future markets for regulation services."]
["E","Cold start of time is starting a heat pump where stand by heating has not been applied"]
["F","Operation at part load will usually increase COP but increase variable O&M costs"]
["G","May vary depending on availability of heat source"]
["H","May vary depending on specific type, heat source etc."]
["I","The auxillary eletricity is not included in the total efficiency"]
["J","The total efficiency net annual average is calculated using the practical COP "]
["K","Average value for ambient heat sources. For air it will be lower and for sea and lake water it will be around the average value, whereas for groundwater the value will be higher. It is weighted so that the heat pump produces 60-70 % of the demand of the district heating system. The supply temperature from the heat pump is fairly constant, since it is mixed with water from other production units in the months with the highest heat demand, when the supply temperature in the network is typically increased."]
["L","Including heat uptake and buildings"]
["M","The cost of auxiliary electricity consumption is calculated using the following electricity prices in €/MWh: 2015: 63, 2020: 69, 2030: 101, 2050: 117. These prices include production costs and transport tariffs, but not any taxes or subsidies for renewable energy."]

{"sheet":"40 Absorption heat pump, DH","index":42,"n_rows":46,"n_cols":12,"rows_kept":46,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[72,1,72,11],[33,1,33,11],[41,1,41,11],[43,1,43,11],[44,1,44,11],[45,1,45,11],[46,1,46,11],[51,1,51,11],[54,1,54,11],[55,1,55,11],[57,1,57,11],[58,1,58,11],[25,1,25,11],[2,2,2,11],[3,6,3,7],[3,8,3,9],[14,1,14,11],[20,1,20,11]]}
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Back to Index"]
[]
[null,"Technology","40 Absorption heat pumps - district heating"]
[null,null,2015,2020,2030,2050,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty (2050)",null,"Note","Ref"]
[null,"Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper"]
[null,"Heat generation capacity for one unit (MWheat) (excluding drive energy)",12,12,12,12,12,20,12,30,"A",13]
[null,"Total efficiency, net (%), name plate","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A"]
[null,"Total efficiency , net (%), annual average",170,171,173,175,170,180,170,180,"B",4]
[null,"Electricity consumption for pumps etc. (% of heat gen)",1,1,1,1,1,3,1,3,"E",3]
[null,"Forced outage (%)",0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,"C"]
[null,"Planned outage (weeks per year)",0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,"D"]
[null,"Technical lifetime (years)",25,25,25,25,15,30,15,30,null,3]
[null,"Construction time (years)",0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,0.3,0.7,0.3,0.7]
[null,"Space requirement (1000m2 per MW)",0.01,0.01,5.0000000000000001E-3,5.0000000000000001E-3,5.0000000000000001E-3,0.01,5.0000000000000001E-3,0.01]
[null,"Regulation ability"]
[null,"Primary regulation (% per 30 seconds)","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A"]
[null,"Secondary regulation (% per minute)","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A"]
[null,"Minimum load (% of full load)",10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10]
[null,"Warm start-up time (hours)",0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1]
[null,"Cold start-up time (hours)",0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,0.25,2,0.25,2]
[null,"Environment"]
[null,"SO2 (g per GJ fuel) ",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0]
[null,"NOX (g per GJ fuel) ",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0]
[null,"CH4 (g per GJ fuel)",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0]
[null,"N2O (g per GJ fuel)",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0]
[null,"Financial data (in 2015€)                              "]
[null,"Nominal investment (M€ per MWheat excluding drive energy)",0.6,0.56399999999999995,0.50759999999999994,0.45683999999999997,0.4,0.8,0.4,0.8,"A",3]
[null," - of which equipment (%)",50,50,50,50,30,70,30,70,null,3]
[null," - of which installation (%)",50,50,50,50,30,70,30,70,null,3]
[null,"Fixed O&M (€/MWheat/year)",2000,2000,2000,2000,1000,3000,1000,3000,null,3]
[null,"Variable O&M (€/MWhheat)",{"$f":"SUM(C32:C33)","v":0.89999999999999991},{"$f":"SUM(D32:D33)","v":0.98199999999999998},1.2538,1.42842,1,2.5,1.4,0.3]
[null,"- of which is electricity costs (€/MWhheat)",0.6,0.7,1,1.2,0.7,2.1,1.2,{"$f":"J9/100*J50","v":0},"E"]
[null,"- of which is other O&M costs (€/MWhheat)",0.3,0.28199999999999997,0.25379999999999997,0.22841999999999998,0.3,0.4,0.2,0.3,null,3]
[null,"Technology specific data"]
[]
["References:"]
[3,"Drejebog til store varmepumpeprojekter i fjernvarmesystemet, 2014, see http://www.planenergi.dk/varmepumper/"]
[4,"Udredning vedrørende varmelagringsteknologier og store varmepumper til brug i fjernvarmesystemer, 2013"]
[13,"Scandinavian Energy Group, 2015"]
[]
["Notes:"]
["A","The heat pump itself only represents a small part of the total investment. Depending on size the heat pump typically represents 0.2 M€ per. MW heating (excluding drive energy)."]
["B","The heat is assumed delivered at 80 °C in 2015 and 60 °C in 2050"]
["C","May vary depending on availability of heat source"]
["D","May vary depending on specific type, heat source etc."]
["E","The cost of auxiliary electricity consumption is calculated using the following electricity prices in €/MWh: 2015: 63, 2020: 69, 2030: 101, 2050: 117. These prices include production costs and transport tariffs, but not any taxes or subsidies for renewable energy."]

{"sheet":"41 Electric Boilers","index":43,"n_rows":51,"n_cols":12,"rows_kept":51,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[41,1,41,11],[42,1,42,11],[18,2,18,9],[19,2,19,9],[20,1,20,11],[21,2,25,10],[26,1,26,11],[37,1,37,11],[17,2,17,9],[3,2,3,11],[4,6,4,7],[4,8,4,9],[6,2,6,5],[14,1,14,11]]}
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Back to Index"]
[null,"New datasheet added June 2017 "]
[]
[null,"Technology","41 Heat only generation tech (boilers, heat pumps, geothermal)\nElectric boilers, 400 or 690 V, 0.06-5 MW; 10 or 15 kV, >10 MW"]
[null,null,2015,2020,2030,2050,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty (2050)",null,"Note","Ref"]
[null,"Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper"]
[null,"Heat generation capacity for one unit (MW)",5,null,null,null,1,25,1,25]
[null,"Total efficiency, net (%), name plate",98,99,99,99,98,99,99,99,null,1]
[null,"Total efficiency , net (%), annual average",98,99,99,99,98,99,99,99,null,1]
[null,"Electricity consumption for pumps etc. (% of heat gen)",0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,0.1,0.5,0.1,0.5,null,1]
[null,"Forced outage (%)",1,1,1,1,"0.5",1,"0.5",1,"E",1]
[null,"Planned outage (weeks per year)","0.2","0.2","0.2","0.2","0.2","0.2","0.2","0.2","E",1]
[null,"Technical lifetime (years)",20,20,20,20,20,20,20,20,null,1]
[null,"Construction time (years)","0.5","0.5","0.5","0.5","0.5",1,"0.5",1,null,1]
[null,"Regulation ability"]
[null,"Primary regulation (% per 30 seconds)",100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,null,1]
[null,"Secondary regulation (% per minute)",100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,null,1]
[null,"Minimum load (% of full load)",5,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1]
[null,"Warm start-up time (hours)","0.008",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2]
[null,"Cold start-up time (hours)","0.08",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2]
[null,"Environment"]
[null,"SO2 (g per GJ fuel) ","Cf. the utilized electricity"]
[null,"NOX (g per GJ fuel) "]
[null,"CH4 (g per GJ fuel) "]
[null,"N2O (g per GJ fuel) "]
[null,"Particles (g per GJ fuel)"]
[null,"Financial data (in 2015€)                "]
[null,"Nominal investment (M€ per MW), 400/690 V; 1-5 MW",0.15,0.15,0.14000000000000001,0.13,0.1,0.25,0.1,0.25,"A",1]
[null," - of which equipment",0.12,{"$f":"$C$29*0.995^(D$5-$C$5)","v":0.117029850374625},{"$f":"$C$29*0.995^(E$5-$C$5)","v":0.11130827625819936},{"$f":"$C$29*0.995^(F$5-$C$5)","v":0.10069063324446956},0.08,0.2,0.08,0.2,"B",1]
[null," - of which installation",0.03,{"$f":"$C30*0.995^(D$5-$C$5)","v":2.9257462593656251E-2},{"$f":"$C30*0.995^(E$5-$C$5)","v":2.7827069064549841E-2},{"$f":"$C30*0.995^(F$5-$C$5)","v":2.5172658311117389E-2},0.02,0.05,0.02,0.05,"D",1]
[null,"Nominal investment (M€ per MW); 10/15 kV; >10 MW",7.0000000000000007E-2,7.0000000000000007E-2,0.06,0.06,0.02,0.17,0.02,0.17,"A",1]
[null," - of which equipment",0.06,{"$f":"$C32*0.995^(D$5-$C$5)","v":5.8514925187312501E-2},0.05,{"$f":"$C32*0.995^(F$5-$C$5)","v":5.0345316622234779E-2},0.02,0.14000000000000001,0.02,0.14000000000000001,"C",1]
[null," - of which installation",0.01,{"$f":"$C33*0.995^(D$5-$C$5)","v":9.7524875312187519E-3},{"$f":"$C33*0.995^(E$5-$C$5)","v":9.2756896881832814E-3},{"$f":"$C33*0.995^(F$5-$C$5)","v":8.3908861037057976E-3},0,0.03,0,0.03,"D",1]
[null,"Fixed O&M (€/MW/year)",1100,1070,1020,920,1000,1100,900,1000,"A",1]
[null,"Variable O&M (€/MWh)",0.8,0.9,1,1,0.5,0.9,0.5,1,null,1]
[null,"- of which is electricity costs (€/MWh)",0.3,0.3,0.5,0.6,0.1,0.3,0.1,0.6,"F"]
[null,"- of which is other O&M costs (€/MWh)",0.5,0.5,0.5,0.4,0.4,0.5,0.3,0.5,"A",1]
[null,"Technology specific data"]
[null,"Startup costs (€/MW/startup)",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,1]
[]
["References:"]
[1,"Tjæreborg Industri, 2016"]
[2,"Parat, unknown date, Brochure High Voltage Electrode Boiler, available at http://parat.no/media/201154/Electrode-Boiler-web.pdf"]
[]
["Notes:"]
["A","The investment and O&M costs are assessed in relation to an approx. operation in 500 hours/year."]
["B","The installation at low voltage necessitates a transformer substation & expansion of the distribution board. Costs for these are included in the stated equipment costs."]
["C","Electrode boilers at medium-high voltage are directly connected to the distribution grid. Costs for the distribution board are included in the equipment costs."]
["D","The installation costs include costs for electrical integration & grid connection fees."]
["E","The forced outage of electric boilers is very limited and typically well below 1 %. The planned outage is typically limited to 1 day/year."]
["F","The cost of auxiliary electricity consumption is calculated using the following electricity prices in €/MWh: 2015: 63, 2020: 69, 2030: 101, 2050: 117. These prices include production costs and transport tariffs, but not any taxes or subsidies for renewable energy."]

{"sheet":"44 Natural Gas DH Only","index":44,"n_rows":59,"n_cols":13,"rows_kept":59,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[25,2,25,12],[33,2,33,12],[74,2,74,12],[2,3,2,12],[3,7,3,8],[3,9,3,10],[5,3,5,6],[14,2,14,12],[20,2,20,12]]}
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Back to Index"]
[]
[null,null,"Technology","44 District heating boiler, natural gas fired"]
[null,null,null,2015,2020,2030,2050,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty (2050)",null,"Note","Ref"]
[null,null,"Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper"]
[null,null,"Heat generation capacity for one unit (MJ/s)","0.5 -10"]
[null,null,"Total efficiency, net (%), nominel load ",105,105,106,106,95,107,96,108,"A","1, 2, 3"]
[null,null,"Total efficiency , net (%), annual average",103,103,104,104,93,105,94,106,"B","1, 3"]
[null,null,"Electricity consumption for pumps etc. (% of heat gen)",0.15,0.14000000000000001,0.12,0.1,0.13,0.2,0.08,0.15,"L",1]
[null,null,"Forced outage (%)",1,1,1,1,0.08,2,0.08,2,null,3]
[null,null,"Planned outage (weeks per year)",0.4,0.4,0.4,0.4,0.3,0.6,0.3,0.6,"F",3]
[null,null,"Technical lifetime (years)",25,25,25,25,25,">25",25,">25","K",3]
[null,null,"Construction time (years)",0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,0.2,0.7,0.2,0.7,"F",9]
[null,null,"Space requirement (1000m2 per MJ/s)",5.0000000000000001E-3,5.0000000000000001E-3,5.0000000000000001E-3,5.0000000000000001E-3,3.0000000000000001E-3,0.01,3.0000000000000001E-3,"0,01","E",2]
[null,null,"Plant Dynamic Capabilities"]
[null,null,"Primary regulation (% per 30 seconds)","-","-","-","-","-","-","-","-","C"]
[null,null,"Secondary regulation (% per minute)","-","-","-","-","-","-","-","-","C"]
[null,null,"Minimum load (% of full load)",15,15,15,15,10,20,10,20,null,9]
[null,null,"Warm start-up time (hours)",0.1,0.1,0.1,0.1,0.08,0.15,"0,08",0.15,"D",9]
[null,null,"Cold start-up time (hours)",0.4,0.4,0.4,0.4,0.3,0.5,0.3,0.5,"D",9]
[null,null,"Environment"]
[null,null,"SO2 (g per GJ fuel) ",0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0,0.3,0,0.3,"H",1]
[null,null,"NOX (g per GJ fuel) ",10,9,7,6,8,60,5,30," ","1, 2"]
[null,null,"CH4 (g per GJ fuel)",3,3,2,2,2,6,2,6,null,"1, 2"]
[null,null,"N2O (g per GJ fuel)",1,1,1,1,"NA","NA","NA","NA","I",7]
[null,null,"Financial data  (in 2015€)                               "]
[null,null,"Nominal investment (M€ per MJ/s)",0.06,0.06,0.05,0.05,3.5000000000000003E-2,0.25,3.5000000000000003E-2,0.25,"J","2, 3"]
[null,null," - of which equipment",0.04,0.04,0.03,0.03,2.5000000000000001E-2,0.15,2.5000000000000001E-2,0.15," ","2, 3"]
[null,null," - of which installation",0.02,0.02,0.02,0.02,0.01,0.1,"0,01",0.1," ","2, 3"]
[null,null,"Fixed O&M (€/MJ/s/year)",2000,1950,1900,1700,1000,2500,1000,2500,"F"]
[null,null,"Variable O&M (€/MWh)",{"$f":"SUM(D32:D33)","v":1.1000000000000001},{"$f":"SUM(E32:E33)","v":1.1000000000000001},1,1,0.6,2.1,0.6,2.2000000000000002]
[null,null," - of which is electricity costs (€/MWh)",0.1,0.1,0.1,0.1,0.1,0.1,0.1,0.2,"L"]
[null,null," - of which is other O&M costs (€/MWh)",1,1,0.9,0.9,0.5,2,0.5,2,null,"8, 9"]
[null,null,"Technology specific data"]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,"References:"]
[null,1,"DGC efficiency and emission test reports from district heating boilers, 2014"]
[null,2,"Burner and boiler  manufacturer informations, 2015"]
[null,3,"Danish District Heating Association, data from a 2012 survey for the report"]
[null,7,"National Environmental Research Institute, Denmark 2009"]
[null,8,"Elsam/Elkraft update \"Teknologidata for el- og varmeproduktionsanlæg\", 1997"]
[null,9,"DGC calculations, estimates"]
[]
[null,"Notes:"]
[null,"A","Includes a condensing economizer, without economizer the efficiency will be up to some 93-97 %, LHV reference"]
[null,"B","Includes a condensing economizer, without economizer the efficiency will be up to some 92-95 %, LHV reference"]
[null,"C","Not Relevant for heat-only technologies"]
[null,"D","Boilers with low water content (e.g. watertube instaed of shell tube 3-5 pass boilers) are used start up time from cold is shorter"]
[null,"E","Boilers in the low power range approx. 0.010 and boilersin the higher power range 0.003"]
[null,"F","DGC Estimate"]
[null,"G","Ultra Low NOx burners can reach a level of 5 g/GJ"]
[null,"H","Fuel dependent , not tecchnology dependent"]
[null,"I","No data available"]
[null,"J","The average numbers are for a 2- 3 MW boiler installation"]
[null,"K","Technical lifetime often exceeds 25 years"]
[null,"L","The cost of auxiliary electricity consumption is calculated using the following electricity prices in €/MWh: 2015: 63, 2020: 69, 2030: 101, 2050: 117. These prices include production costs and transport tariffs, but not any taxes or subsidies for renewable energy."]

{"sheet":"45 Geothermal - Abs.HP 70 dgs","index":45,"n_rows":21,"n_cols":8,"rows_kept":21,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[22,1,22,7],[20,1,20,7],[2,2,2,7],[4,1,4,7],[5,2,5,5],[13,1,13,7],[18,1,18,7]]}
[null,"45  Geothermal District Heating - Absorption Heat Pump - 70 C",null,null,null,null,null,"Back to Index"]
[]
[null,"Technology","Geothermal heat-only plant with steam-driven absorption heat pump, Denmark"]
[null,null,2015,2020,2030,2050,"Note","Ref"]
[null,"Energy/technical data"]
[null,"Temperature of geothermal heat (degrees C)","approx. 70",null,null,null,null,1]
[null,"Heat from geothermal source (%)",100,100,100,null,null,1]
[null,"Steam demand, heat pump (%)",76,76,76,null,null,1]
[null,"Heat generation capacity (%)",176,176,176,null,null,1]
[null,"District heat forward temperature, winter (C)",80,80,80,null,null,1]
[null,"Electricity consumption for pumps etc. (%)",8,8,8,null,"A",1]
[null,"Technical lifetime (years)",25,25,25,null,null,1]
[null,"Construction time (years)","4-5","4-5","4-5",null,null,1]
[null,"Financial data"]
[null,"Specific investment (M€ per MJ/s geothermal heat)",1.7621897945905753,1.7621897945905753,1.7621897945905753,null,null,1]
[null,"O&M excl. electricity consumption (€/year per MJ/s geothermal heat)",47000,47000,47000,null,null,1]
[]
["References:"]
[1,"Dansk Fjernvarmes Geotermiselskab, 2011"]
["Notes:"]
["A","This is the total electricity demand for submerged pumps and reinjection pumps. Earlier versions of this document showed consumption of the same level for each of the pumps. This was an error."]

{"sheet":"45 Geothermal - Abs.HP 50 dgs","index":46,"n_rows":21,"n_cols":8,"rows_kept":21,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[22,2,22,7],[20,1,20,7],[2,2,2,7],[4,1,4,7],[5,2,5,5],[13,1,13,7],[18,1,18,7]]}
[null,"45  Geothermal District Heating - Absorption Heat Pump - 50 C",null,null,null,null,null,"Back to Index"]
[]
[null,"Technology","Geothermal heat-only plant with steam-driven absorption heat pump, Denmark"]
[null,null,2015,2020,2030,2050,"Note","Ref"]
[null,"Energy/technical data"]
[null,"Temperature of geothermal heat (degrees C)","approx. 50",null,null,null,null,1]
[null,"Heat from geothermal source (%)",100,100,100,null,null,1]
[null,"Steam demand, heat pump (%)",107.69230769230769,107.69230769230769,107.69230769230769,null,null,1]
[null,"Heat generation capacity (%)",207.69230769230771,207.69230769230771,207.69230769230771,null,null,1]
[null,"District heat forward temperature, winter (C)",80,80,80,null,null,1]
[null,"Electricity consumption for pumps etc. (%)",4.6923076923076925,4.6923076923076925,4.6923076923076925,null,null,1]
[null,"Technical lifetime (years)",25,25,25,null,null,1]
[null,"Construction time (years)","4-5","4-5","4-5",null,null,1]
[null,"Financial data"]
[null,"Specific investment (M€ per MJ/s geothermal heat)",1.9987148247978437,1.9987148247978437,1.9987148247978437,null,null,1]
[null,"O&M excl. electricity consumption (€/year per MJ/s geothermal heat)",49000,49000,49000,null,null,1]
[]
["References:"]
[1,"Dansk Fjernvarmes Geotermiselskab, 2011"]
["Notes:"]
["A","Usually geothermal reservoirs at a lower temperature will be shallower than reservoirs with higher temperatures. This will lead to higher permeability lower pressure drops in the reservoir and therefore lower electricity consumption for pumps."]

{"sheet":"45 Geothermal - Electric HP","index":47,"n_rows":22,"n_cols":8,"rows_kept":22,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[2,2,2,7],[4,1,4,7],[5,2,5,5],[13,1,13,7],[24,2,24,7],[21,1,22,7],[18,1,18,7],[19,1,19,7]]}
[null,"45  Geothermal District Heating - Electric Heat Pump",null,null,null,null,null,"Back to Index"]
[]
[null,"Technology","Geothermal heat-only plant with electric heat pump, Denmark"]
[null,null,2015,2020,2030,2050,"Note","Ref"]
[null,"Energy/technical data"]
[null,"Temperature of geothermal heat (degrees C)","approx. 70",null,null,null,null,1]
[null,"Heat from geothermal source (%)",100,100,100,null,null,1]
[null,"Electricity demand, heat pump (%)",17.322834645669293,17.322834645669293,17.322834645669293,null,null,1]
[null,"Heat generation capacity (%)",117.16535433070867,117.16535433070867,117.16535433070867,null,null,1]
[null,"District heat forward temperature, winter (C)",85,85,85,null,null,1]
[null,"Electricity consumption for pumps etc. (%)",8.0314960629921259,8.0314960629921259,8.0314960629921259,null,"A",1]
[null,"Technical lifetime (years)",25,25,25,null,null,1]
[null,"Construction time (years)","4-5","4-5","4-5",null,null,1]
[null,"Financial data"]
[null,"Specific investment (M€ per MJ/s geothermal heat)","1.6","1.6","1.6",null,null,2]
[null,"O&M excl. electricity consumption (€/year per MJ/s geothermal heat)",37000,34000,34000,null,null,2]
[]
["References:"]
[1,"Dansk Fjernvarmes Geotermiselskab, 2011"]
[2,"Estimated by Danish Energy Agency and Energinet.dk, 2011."]
["Notes:"]
["A","Earlier versions of this document showed an electricity consumption of approx. 9 %. However, the exact consumption will always depend on the local situation. For similar conditions (temperature, depth and permeability) the electricity consumption for pumps will be comparable, irrespective of whether a steam driven or electricity driven heat pump is used for heat extraction. The estimated consumption has thus been adjusted to match the consumption of the steam driven system described further above."]

{"sheet":"46 Solar District Heating","index":48,"n_rows":66,"n_cols":12,"rows_kept":66,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[67,0,67,1],[68,1,68,11],[65,1,65,11],[62,0,62,1],[24,1,24,11],[41,1,41,11],[42,1,42,11],[44,1,44,11],[50,1,50,16],[51,1,51,16],[52,1,52,16],[53,1,53,16],[54,1,54,16],[55,1,55,16],[57,1,57,16],[64,1,64,16],[60,1,60,16],[1,2,1,11],[2,6,2,7],[2,8,2,9],[13,1,13,11],[19,1,19,11]]}
[null,"46  Solar District Heating",null,null,null,null,null,"Back to Index"]
[null,null,"Solar District Heating"]
[null,null,2015,2020,2030,2050,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty (2050)",null,"Note","Ref"]
[null,"Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper"]
[null,"Typical plant size (collector area), m2",10000,13000,21000,55000,10000,20000,10000,100000,"L"]
[null,"Collector input, kWh/m2/year",1046,1046,1046,1046,1013,1079,1013,1079,"Q"]
[null,"Collector output, kWh/m2/year",450,472.95499999999998,497.08,522.43600000000004,450,495.90999999999997,497.08,547.79200000000014,"A",4]
[null,"Total efficiency , net (%), annual average",0.43,0.45,0.48,0.49946080305927348,0.42,0.49,0.46,0.54,"P"]
[null,"Auxilary electricity consumption (share of heat gen.)",3.0000000000000001E-3,3.0000000000000001E-3,3.0000000000000001E-3,3.0000000000000001E-3,2E-3,4.0000000000000001E-3,2E-3,4.0000000000000001E-3]
[null,"Forced outage (%)",5.0000000000000001E-3,5.0000000000000001E-3,5.0000000000000001E-3,5.0000000000000001E-3,0,0.01,0,0.01,"K"]
[null,"Technical lifetime (years)",30,30,30,30,30,30,30,30,"I",17]
[null,"Construction time (years)",0.25,0.25,0.25,0.25,0.25,0.25,0.25,0.25]
[null,"Space requirement (1000m2 per MWh/year)",6.7,6.3,6,5.7,6,6.7,5.5,6,"J"]
[null,"Regulation ability"]
[null,"Primary regulation (% per 30 seconds)","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A"]
[null,"Secondary regulation (% per minute)","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A"]
[null,"Minimum load (% of full load)","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A","F"]
[null,"Warm start-up time (hours)","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A"]
[null,"Cold start-up time (hours)","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A"]
[null,"Environment"]
[null,"SO2 (g per GJ fuel) ",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0]
[null,"NOX (g per GJ fuel) ",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0]
[null,"CH4 (g per GJ fuel)",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0]
[null,"N2O (g per GJ fuel)",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0]
[null,"Financial data                                 "]
[null,"Investment cost of total solar systems excluding diurnal heat storage,  €/MWhoutput/year",428.88888888888886,395.38645325665232,362.11475014082242,325.39870912417979,371.0350668468069,422.22222222222229,292.08166603382296,362.11475014082242,"C, H, N"]
[null," - of which is equipment",85,85,85,85,85,85,85,85,"O"]
[null," - of which is installation",15,15,15,15,15,15,15,15,"O"]
[null,"Investment cost of diurnal heat storage, €/MWhoutput/year",60,57,54,52,41,75,37,68,"D, M"]
[null,"Total investment cost of total solar system including diurnal heat storage, €/MWhoutput/year",488.88888888888886,452.38645325665232,416.11475014082242,377.39870912417979,412.0350668468069,497.22222222222229,329.08166603382296,430.11475014082242,"E"]
[null,"Fixed O&M €/(MWhoutput/year)/year",0.09,0.09,0.08,0.08,0.08,0.1,7.0000000000000007E-2,0.08,"B"]
[null,"Variable O&M €/MWhoutput",0.19,0.21,0.3,0.35,0.14000000000000001,0.28000000000000003,0.23,0.47]
[null,"- of which is electricity costs, €/MWhoutput",0.19,0.21,0.3,0.35,0.14000000000000001,0.28000000000000003,0.23,0.47]
[null,"- of which is other O&M costs, €/MWhoutput",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0]
[null,"Technology specific data"]
[null,"Investment cost of total solar systems excluding diurnal heat storage, €/m2 (collector area)",193,187,180,170,184,190,160,180,"G, H, N",16]
[null,"Fixed O&M, €/m2/year (collector area)",4.0500000000000001E-2,4.2565949999999998E-2,3.97664E-2,4.1794880000000006E-2,3.9672800000000001E-2,4.4999999999999998E-2,3.8345440000000015E-2,3.97664E-2,"B"]
[]
[]
["Notes"]
["A","The yield is weather dependent and very site-specific, depending much on the temperatures of the district heating network. The quoted yield the average measured output from 40 Danish solar heating plants for 2015."]
["B","Estimate is 0,2 €/MWh heat output in 2015, excluding electricity consumption."]
["C","Applying the formula 250,000 € + 167 €/m2 solar panel collector for plants <50.000m2, cf. figures from Note G."]
["D","Including a diurnal storage is mandatory, 0.2 m3/m2 being a typical average storage size.\nThis figure can vary, dependent on the local conditions and desired solar fraction."]
["E","Can be combined with seasonal storage, cf. corresponding chapter."]
["F","Solar thermal plants can be regulated by varying the flow of the heat transfer fluid. The regulation ability is limited by the available heat demand in the heat sink (incl. available storage capacity) and solar radiation."]
["G","2015-Prices of different plant sizes (Ref. 1):"]
[null,"Size","m2",5000,10000,20000,50000,100000]
[null,"Price pr. m2","€/m2",216,193.33333333333334,180,174.66666666666666,170]
[null,"Total price","M€",1.08,1.9333333333333336,3.6,8.7333333333333325,17]
["H","Prices include leveling of ground, laying of district heating pipelines in the ground inkl. 50 m of transmission pipeline to the district heating plant, heat exchanger connected to solar panel field and installed with collection tank and expansion with flanges to secondary side, control and electricity works, design and project management, start-up regulation and documentation."]
["I","The lifetime is minimum 25-30 years, proven in actual plants still in operation. Critical component is the teflon foil, not the material itself, but the application method. The pipes have been improved, designed for the relatively large number of temperature variations, compared to normal district heating pipelines. The fluid is well managed."]
["J","Space requirement is approximately 3 m2 for each m2 gross collector area. No development of this parameter is expected, since the main reason is to avoid the shadow effect. Minor optimization of the sides of the panels may be obtained, increasing the ratio of aperture/gross area. Other types of solar collectors such as vacuum and CSP (concentrated solar power) may have lower space requirement."]
["K","The forced outage is very small, therefore in practice close to 0 %. The modular construction makes it possible to maintain sections of the panels. Outage of critical components such as the heat exchanger is very limited."]
["L","The average plant size increases, but with large variations since both small plants and increasingly larger plants are installed. A 5 % annual increase of the average size is assumed. The plant size is rather dependent on the heat demand in the district heating grid, it is connected to. The collector area is, cf. international standards, stated as gross area."]
["M","Estimate of cost of tank storage (diurnal storage) is 135 €/m3. The required size of the storage differs, but a typical size is 0.1-0.3 m3 storage for each m2 of solar panels, hence a 10,000 m2 solar thermal plant requires 1-3,000 m3 of diurnal storage."]
["N","Considering a reduction in prices for 2015-2020 / 2020-2030 / 2030-2050 of 0.6 / 0.4 / 0.3 % p.a."]
["O","The division of cost elements is site- and plant specific. An indicative distribution of costs are; Solar collectors and piping (48%), heat exchanger, pumps etc. (8%), accumulation tank (11%), transmission pipeline (13%), building (2%), control, operation and startup (5%), land purchase, ground works (7%), design, permits, unforeseen (6%). Total for equipment is 85% and for installation is 15% (design, permits, unforeseen, ground works, control and start up), but including accumulation tank and a transmission pipeline."]
["P","Please refer to www.solvarmedata.dk for display of efficiencies of Danish solar district heating plants. Chose a plant, select \"Production and efficiency\" and a chart will display the efficiency - typically varying between 20 and 50%."]
["Q","The solar radiation on the horizontal surface."]
["R","The cost of auxiliary electricity consumption is calculated using the following electricity prices in €/MWh: 2015: 63, 2020: 69, 2030: 101, 2050: 117. These prices include production costs and transport tariffs, but not any taxes or subsidies for renewable energy."]
[]
["References"]
[4,"Solar Heating plants in Denmark, Simon Furbo, Bengt Perers and Federico Bava, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark. The projected outputs for 2020, 2030 and 2050 are not from this reference."]
[16,"Arcon-Sunmark, personal communication. The projected costs are not from this reference, but estimated based on two components; the lower specific costs of larger plants in 2015 and increased competition among suppliers and more efficient production of solar panels."]
[17,"\"Life expectancy of solar collectors in solar district heating systems\", Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2009."]

{"sheet":"50 Diesel engine farm","index":49,"n_rows":75,"n_cols":13,"rows_kept":75,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[]}
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Back to Index"]
[null,null,"Technology "]
[]
[null,null,"Technology","Diesel engine farm"]
[null,null,null,2015,2020,2030,2050,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty (2050)",null,"Note","Ref"]
[null,null,"Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper"]
[null,null,"Generating capacity for one unit (MW)",18,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A, B"]
[null,null,"Electricity efficiency (condensation mode for extraction plants), net (%), name plate",37,37,37,37,35,39,null,null,null,"1, 2, 3"]
[null,null,"Electricity efficiency (condensation mode for extraction plants), net (%), annual average",35,35,35,35,33,37,null,null,"C"]
[null,null,"Cb coefficient (50oC/100oC)","-","-","-","-"]
[null,null,"Cv coefficient (50oC/100oC)","-","-","-","-"]
[null,null,"Forced outage (%)",0.9,0.9,0.9,0.9,null,null,null,null,null,4]
[null,null,"Planned outage (days per year)",1.2,1.2,1.2,1.2,null,null,null,null,"D, E",5]
[null,null,"Technical lifetime (years)",25,25,25,25]
[null,null,"Construction time (years)",1,1,1,1,null,null,null,null,null,6]
[]
[null,null,"Regulation ability"]
[null,null,"Primary regulation (% of full load per 30 seconds)",100,100,100,100,null,null,null,null,"F",6]
[null,null,"Secondary regulation (% of full load per minute)",100,100,100,100,null,null,null,null,"F",6]
[null,null,"Minimum load (% of full load)",1,1,1,1,null,null,null,null,"G"]
[null,null,"Warm start-up time (minutes)",1,1,1,1,0.5,2,null,null,"H","6, 7"]
[null,null,"Cold start-up time (minutes)",{"$f":"5","v":5},{"$f":"5","v":5},{"$f":"5","v":5},{"$f":"5","v":5},3,10,null,null,"H",6]
[]
[null,null,"Environment"]
[null,null,"SO2 (g per GJ fuel)",23,23,23,23,null,null,null,null,"I",8]
[null,null,"NOX (g per GJ fuel) ",942,942,942,942,null,null,null,null,null,8]
[null,null,"CH4 (g per GJ fuel)",24,24,24,24,null,null,null,null,null,8]
[null,null,"N2O (g per GJ fuel)",2.1,2.1,2.1,2.1,null,null,null,null,null,8]
[null,null,"Particles (g per GJ fuel)",5,5,5,5,null,null,null,null,null,8]
[]
[null,null,"Financial data                                 "]
[null,null,"Specific investment (M€/MW)",0.35,{"$f":"D32*0.98","v":0.34299999999999997},{"$f":"D32*0.98","v":0.34299999999999997},{"$f":"D32*0.96","v":0.33599999999999997},{"$f":"E32*0.8","v":0.27439999999999998},{"$f":"E32*1.2","v":0.41159999999999997},{"$f":"G32*0.7","v":0.23519999999999996},{"$f":"G32*1.3","v":0.43679999999999997},"M, N, O","1, 6, 9, 10"]
[null,null," - of which equipment",{"$f":"D32*0.65","v":0.22749999999999998},{"$f":"E32*0.65","v":0.22294999999999998},0.22294999999999998,0.21839999999999998,null,null,null,null,"L"]
[null,null," - of which installation",{"$f":"D32*0.35","v":0.12249999999999998},{"$f":"E32*0.35","v":0.12004999999999998},0.12004999999999998,0.11759999999999998,null,null,null,null,"L"]
[null,null,"Fixed O&M (€/MW/year)",{"$f":"4400*2","v":8800},{"$f":"D35","v":8800},{"$f":"0.96*E35","v":8448},{"$f":"0.92*E35","v":8096},null,null,null,null,"D, P, Q",6]
[null,null,"Variable O&M (€/MWh)",6,6,6,6,2.6,8.5,2.6,8.5,null,"11,12,13"]
[null,null,"Startup cost (€/MW/startup)","-","-","-","-",null,null,null,null,"R","6, 11"]
[]
[null,null,"Technology specific data"]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,"Notes:"]
[null,"A","The range of generating capacity for a plant based on this technology is tipically 10-300 MW. Most of UK projects are in the range 18.5-20 MW. Emission requirements for plants with 18.5 MW and above are regulated by the Danish EPA and it is as of yet undetermined whether and exemption due to low operating hours can be obtained."]
[null,"B","Engine size is normally in the range 400 kW - 2 MW. Here considered 10 engines of 1.8 MW. "]
[null,"C","Assuming the same efficiency reduction from nameplate to annual average compared to Gas Engines in the main technology catalogue."]
[null,"D","The routine checks and oil change varies depending on the size. Smaller engines (400 kW) needs it every 250 h, while larger engines (2 MW) needs it every 1000h. Here assumed larger engines. Fixed O&M costs can increase for smaller sizes."]
[null,"E","1.5h monthly maintenance for general checks, 4h semiannual,  2h annually, 2h biannually, 6h every 6 years."]
[null,"F","50% of the output capacity can be reach within 15 seconds and after 20 seconds the total power output can be provided."]
[null,"G","Minimum load of the single engine is 30%. In a modular solution, some engines can be switched off to reduce the minimum load of the total plant. This way the performance is maintained at the optimal level."]
[null,"H","The startup time of the single engine is around 30 seconds. The syncronization of all the machines and the connection to the grid might increase the startup time to 3-10 minutes."]
[null,"I","Values related to the use of gas oil."]
[null,"L","Split based on the Engine technology in the main technology catalogue"]
[null,"M","Development of cost follows the assumptions explained in the introduction. 10% learning rate and capacity development based on IEA ETP 2016."]
[null,"N","The specific investment cost can vary depending on a number of parameters, like size of engines, electrical equipment and other engines characteristics. The specific investment in 2015 from several projects and sources is in the range 0.282-0.456 M€/MW."]
[null,"O","The uncertainty is estimated based on the cost span of a number of similar observed projects. It is assumed equal to ±20% in 2020 and it increases to ±30% in 2050."]
[null,"P","Assumed a reduction of 4% in 2030 and 8% in 2050, due to automation of the power plant control and improvement in the operation"]
[null,"Q","Assumed two times the reported value for service agreement excluding consumables, to take into account other fixed O&M components."]
[null,"R","The maintenance schedule is not affected by frequent starts and stops, fuel, or trips as modern combustion engines have the capability to stop and start without limitations or maintenance impact."]
[]
[null,"References:"]
[null,1,"Interview with Rolls Royce Power Systems"]
[null,2,"C. Breyer. Fuel-Parity: New very large and sustainable market segments for PV systems. 2010"]
[null,3,"National Grid. Short Term Operating Reserve - Carbon intensity report. 2016"]
[null,4,"EEA. Distributed Generation Operational Reliability and Availability Database. 2004"]
[null,5,"Maintenance schedule Caterpillar Emergency generator. Available at: https://ae.usembassy.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/254/2017/06/stc12017q0002_post-provided-generator-checklist.pdf"]
[null,6,"Interview with UK manufacturer: Edina Power UK"]
[null,7,"Warstsila. White paper - Combustion engine power plants. 2011"]
[null,8,"Institut for Miljøvidenskab. Emission factors. Available at: http://envs.au.dk/videnudveksling/luft/emissioner/emission-factors/"]
[null,9,"Timera Energy. Investment in UK peaking assets. Available at: www.timera-energy.com/investment-in-uk-peaking-assets"]
[null,10,"UK Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy. Electricity Generation Cost. November 2016"]
[null,11,"EUGINE (European Engine Power Plants Association) questionnaire to their members. Data presented in \"Flexibility Needs and Options for Europe's Future Electricity System\", Energy Brainpool, September 2017."]
[null,12,"BEIS. Electricity Generation cost. November 2016"]
[null,13,"LAZARD. Levelized cost of energy analysis v11. November 2017"]

{"sheet":"51 Natural gas engine plant","index":50,"n_rows":74,"n_cols":13,"rows_kept":74,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[73,2,73,12],[62,2,62,12],[63,2,63,12],[64,2,64,12],[65,2,65,12],[66,2,66,12],[67,2,67,12],[68,2,68,12],[69,2,69,12],[70,2,70,12],[71,2,71,12],[72,2,72,12],[59,2,59,12],[48,2,48,12],[49,2,49,12],[50,2,50,12],[51,2,51,12],[52,2,52,12],[53,2,53,12],[54,2,54,12],[55,2,55,12],[56,2,56,12],[57,2,57,12],[58,2,58,12],[47,2,47,12],[3,3,3,12],[4,7,4,8],[4,9,4,10],[6,3,6,6],[16,2,16,12],[23,2,23,12],[30,2,30,12],[38,2,38,12],[44,2,44,12],[45,2,45,12],[46,2,46,12]]}
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Back to Index"]
[null,null,"Technology ","Natural gas engine plant"]
[]
[null,null,"Technology","Natural gas engine plant"]
[null,null,null,2015,2020,2030,2050,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty (2050)",null,"Note","Ref"]
[null,null,"Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper"]
[null,null,"Generating capacity for one unit (MW)",200,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A, B"]
[null,null,"Electricity efficiency (condensation mode for extraction plants), net (%), name plate",48,48,50,50,null,null,null,null,"C",1]
[null,null,"Electricity efficiency (condensation mode for extraction plants), net (%), annual average",46,46,48,48,null,null,null,null,"D",2]
[null,null,"Cb coefficient (50oC/100oC)","-","-","-","-"]
[null,null,"Cv coefficient (50oC/100oC)","-","-","-","-"]
[null,null,"Forced outage (%)",0.9,0.9,0.9,0.9,null,null,null,null,null,3]
[null,null,"Planned outage (days per year)",0.2,0.2,0.2,0.2,null,null,null,null,"E"]
[null,null,"Technical lifetime (years)",25,25,25,25,null,null,null,null,"F"]
[null,null,"Construction time (years)",1,1,1,1,null,null,null,null,null,"4, 5"]
[]
[null,null,"Regulation ability"]
[null,null,"Primary regulation (% of full load per 30 seconds)",60,60,60,60,null,null,null,null,"G",6]
[null,null,"Secondary regulation (% of full load per minute)",100,100,100,100,null,null,null,null,"G",6]
[null,null,"Minimum load (% of full load)",{"$f":"0.3*10/200*100","v":1.5},{"$f":"0.3*10/200*100","v":1.5},1.5,1.5,null,null,null,null,"H","6, 7"]
[null,null,"Warm start-up time (minutes)",{"$f":"2","v":2},{"$f":"2","v":2},{"$f":"2","v":2},{"$f":"2","v":2},null,null,null,null,"I",7]
[null,null,"Cold start-up time (minutes)",{"$f":"10","v":10},{"$f":"10","v":10},{"$f":"10","v":10},{"$f":"10","v":10},null,null,null,null,"I",7]
[]
[null,null,"Environment"]
[null,null,"SO2 (g per GJ fuel)",0,0,0,0,null,null,null,null,"F",2]
[null,null,"NOX (g per GJ fuel) ",75,75,75,75,null,null,null,null,"F",2]
[null,null,"CH4 (g per GJ fuel)",315,315,315,315,null,null,null,null,"F",2]
[null,null,"N2O (g per GJ fuel)",0.6,0.6,0.6,0.6,null,null,null,null,"F",2]
[null,null,"Particles (g per GJ fuel)",0.76,0.76,0.76,0.76,null,null,null,null,null,8]
[]
[null,null,"Financial data                                 "]
[null,null,"Specific investment (M€/MW)",0.51,{"$f":"D32*0.97","v":0.49469999999999997},{"$f":"D32*0.93","v":0.47430000000000005},{"$f":"D32*0.88","v":0.44880000000000003},{"$f":"E32*0.8","v":0.39576},{"$f":"E32*1.2","v":0.59363999999999995},{"$f":"G32*0.7","v":0.31415999999999999},{"$f":"G32*1.3","v":0.58344000000000007},"L, M, N, R","7, 5, 9"]
[null,null," - of which equipment",{"$f":"0.65*D32","v":0.33150000000000002},{"$f":"0.65*E32","v":0.32155499999999998},0.30829500000000004,{"$f":"0.65*G32","v":0.29172000000000003},null,null,null,null,"F",2]
[null,null," - of which installation",{"$f":"0.35*D32","v":0.17849999999999999},{"$f":"0.35*E32","v":0.17314499999999999},0.16600500000000001,0.15708,null,null,null,null,"F",2]
[null,null,"Fixed O&M (€/MW/year)",6500,6500,6250,6000,null,null,null,null,"O, P",7]
[null,null,"Variable O&M (€/MWh)",6,6,6,6,2.6,8.5,2.6,8.5,null,"10,11, 12"]
[null,null,"Startup cost (€/MW/startup)",0,0,0,0,null,null,null,null,"Q",10]
[]
[null,null,"Technology specific data"]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,"Notes:"]
[null,"A","The technology is modular, normally composed by a certain amount of 2-10 MW engines. Here 20 engines of 10 MW are considered."]
[null,"B","Typical capacity for ultra peakers and emergency plants is in the range 20-300 MW"]
[null,"C","Based on large gas motor (Wartsila 34SG)"]
[null,"D","Assuming the same efficiency reduction from nameplate to annual average compared to main technology catalogue."]
[null,"E","Based on maintenance schedule of gas engines, considering the reduced number of operating hours and the fact that a typical scheduled maintenance services occurs after 2000, 4000 and 6000 hours, with 1 or 2 days of downtime each. No major maintenance window (16,000 h) is reached."]
[null,"F","Based on the Gas Engine in the main technology catalogue"]
[null,"G","The values refers to the engine at nominal operating temperature."]
[null,"H","Minimum load of the single engine is 30%. In a modular solution, some engines can be switched off to reduce the minimum load of the total plant. This way the performance is maintained at the optimal level. Calculation done assuming 20x10MW engines."]
[null,"I","The engines can startup from warm in 2 minutes. The plant cold startup time is affected by the need to warm up the transformers, which brings it up to 10 minutes. If engines and transformers are hot, the startup time is lower. In case of smaller plants connected to distribution grid, the time to warm up the transformer might not constitute a bottleneck."]
[null,"L","Dual fuel operation can be considered. Impacting 3-4% of the total plant cost and 7% of engine cost"]
[null,"M","Development of cost follows the assumptions explained in the introduction. 10% learning rate and capacity development based on IEA ETP 2016."]
[null,"N","The specific investment cost can vary depending on a number of parameters, like size of engines, electrical equipment and other engines characteristics. The specific investment in 2015 from several projects and sources is in the range 0.443-0.616 M€/MW. The lower bound refers to smaller plants with smaller engines, while the higher bound refers to dual fuel plant, located further away from the grid. "]
[null,"O","The fixed O&M cost is lower than a typical value for plants operating >4000 h a year. A typical large maintenance window including reinvestment is carried after 10,000 running hours. Due to the low utilization, this type of plants might never need it in its lifetime, reducing the fixed O&M cost drastically. Additionally the central and lower estimates assume unmanned/remote operation of the plant, whereas the upper boundary assumes manned operation."]
[null,"P","Assumed a reduction of 4% in 2030 and 8% in 2050, due to automation of the power plant control and improvement in the operation"]
[null,"Q","The maintenance schedule is not affected by frequent starts and stops, fuel, or trips as modern combustion engines have the capability to stop and start without limitations or maintenance impact. Modern technology can sustain up to 1000 cycles/years with no significant wear."]
[null,"R","The uncertainty is estimated based on the cost span of a number of similar observed projects. It is assumed equal to ±20% in 2020 and it increases to ±30% in 2050."]
[]
[null,"References:"]
[null,1,"Wartsila. Power Plant solutions 2016"]
[null,2,"Main technology catalogue: Technology Data for Energy Plants - August 2016"]
[null,3,"EEA. Distributed Generation Operational Reliability and Availability Database. 2004"]
[null,4,"Kiisa Power plant project for Elering"]
[null,5,"Warstsila. White paper - Combustion engine power plants. 2011"]
[null,6,"D. Santoianni. Defining true flexibility – a comparison of gas-fired power generating technologies. 2015"]
[null,7,"Phone interview with Wartsila"]
[null,8,"Institut for Miljøvidenskab. Emission factors. Available at: http://envs.au.dk/videnudveksling/luft/emissioner/emission-factors/"]
[null,9,"UK Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy. Electricity Generation Cost. November 2016"]
[null,10,"EUGINE (European Engine Power Plants Association) questionnaire to their members. Data presented in \"Flexibility Needs and Options for Europe's Future Electricity System\", Energy Brainpool, September 2017."]
[null,11,"BEIS. Electricity Generation cost. November 2016"]
[null,12,"LAZARD. Levelized cost of energy analysis v11. November 2017"]

{"sheet":"52 OCGT - Natural gas","index":51,"n_rows":72,"n_cols":13,"rows_kept":72,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[68,2,68,12],[69,2,69,12],[70,2,70,12],[71,2,71,12],[62,2,62,12],[63,2,63,12],[64,2,64,12],[65,2,65,12],[66,2,66,12],[67,2,67,12],[61,2,61,12],[48,2,48,12],[49,2,49,12],[50,2,50,12],[51,2,51,12],[52,2,52,12],[53,2,53,12],[54,2,54,12],[55,2,55,12],[56,2,56,12],[57,2,57,12],[60,2,60,12],[47,2,47,12],[3,3,3,12],[4,7,4,8],[4,9,4,10],[6,3,6,6],[16,2,16,12],[23,2,23,12],[30,2,30,12],[38,2,38,12],[44,2,44,12],[45,2,45,12],[46,2,46,12]]}
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Back to Index"]
[null,null,"Technology "]
[]
[null,null,"Technology","Open cycle gas turbine - natural gas"]
[null,null,null,2015,2020,2030,2050,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty (2050)",null,"Note","Ref"]
[null,null,"Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper"]
[null,null,"Generating capacity for one unit (MW)",100,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A"]
[null,null,"Electricity efficiency (condensation mode for extraction plants), net (%), name plate",41,42,43,45,null,null,null,null,"B, C","1, 2"]
[null,null,"Electricity efficiency (condensation mode for extraction plants), net (%), annual average",39,40,41,43,null,null,null,null,"C",3]
[null,null,"Cb coefficient (50oC/100oC)","-","-","-","-"]
[null,null,"Cv coefficient (50oC/100oC)","-","-","-","-"]
[null,null,"Forced outage (%)",1.37,1.37,1.37,1.37,null,null,null,null,null,4]
[null,null,"Planned outage (days per year)",{"$f":"18/24","v":0.75},{"$f":"18/24","v":0.75},0.75,0.75,null,null,null,null,"D",1]
[null,null,"Technical lifetime (years)",25,25,25,25,null,null,null,null,"E",3]
[null,null,"Construction time (years)",0.2,0.2,0.2,0.2,null,null,null,null,"F",5]
[]
[null,null,"Regulation ability"]
[null,null,"Primary regulation (% of full load per 30 seconds)",30,30,30,30,null,null,null,null,"G",5]
[null,null,"Secondary regulation (% of full load per minute)",30,30,30,30,15,50,null,null,"H","5, 6, 7"]
[null,null,"Minimum load (% of full load)",25,20,20,20,null,null,null,null,"I",8]
[null,null,"Warm start-up time (minutes)",{"$f":"5","v":5},{"$f":"5","v":5},{"$f":"5","v":5},{"$f":"5","v":5},{"$f":"4.5","v":4.5},{"$f":"6.5","v":6.5},null,null,null,"8, 9, 10"]
[null,null,"Cold start-up time (minutes)",{"$f":"10","v":10},{"$f":"10","v":10},{"$f":"10","v":10},{"$f":"10","v":10},{"$f":"7","v":7},{"$f":"11","v":11},null,null,"L","1, 6, 8"]
[]
[null,null,"Environment"]
[null,null,"SO2 (g per GJ fuel)",0.43,0.43,0.43,0.43,null,null,null,null,null,11]
[null,null,"NOX (g per GJ fuel) ",48,48,48,48,null,null,null,null,null,11]
[null,null,"CH4 (g per GJ fuel)",1.7,1.7,1.7,1.7,null,null,null,null,null,11]
[null,null,"N2O (g per GJ fuel)",1,1,1,1,null,null,null,null,null,11]
[null,null,"Particles (g per GJ fuel)",0.1,0.1,0.1,0.1,null,null,null,null,null,11]
[]
[null,null,"Financial data                                 "]
[null,null,"Specific investment (M€/MW)",0.46800000000000003,{"$f":"D32*0.97","v":0.45396000000000003},{"$f":"D32*0.93","v":0.43524000000000007},{"$f":"D32*0.88","v":0.41184000000000004},{"$f":"E32*0.8","v":0.36316800000000005},{"$f":"E32*1.2","v":0.54475200000000001},{"$f":"G32*0.7","v":0.28828799999999999},{"$f":"G32*1.3","v":0.53539200000000009},"M, N, O","7, 9, 10"]
[null,null," - of which equipment",{"$f":"0.78*D32","v":0.36504000000000003},{"$f":"0.78*E32","v":0.35408880000000004},0.33948720000000004,0.32123520000000005,null,null,null,null,null,12]
[null,null," - of which installation",{"$f":"0.22*D32","v":0.10296000000000001},{"$f":"0.22*E32","v":9.9871200000000007E-2},9.5752800000000013E-2,9.0604800000000013E-2,null,null,null,null,null,12]
[null,null,"Fixed O&M (€/MW/year)",8068,8068,{"$f":"0.96*E35","v":7745.28},{"$f":"0.92*E35","v":7422.56},null,null,null,null,"P",9]
[null,null,"Variable O&M (€/MWh)",4.5,4.5,4.5,4.5,3.5,5,3.5,5,null,"5, 9, 10"]
[null,null,"Startup cost (€/MW/startup)",43,43,43,43,null,null,null,null,null,9]
[]
[null,null,"Technology specific data"]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,"Notes:"]
[null,"A","The range of generating capacity for a power plant based on this technology is tipically 50-200 MW. Large aeroderivative gas turbines have a rating of 20-100 MW."]
[null,"B","The efficiency is drastically reduced at part-load. The difference between efficiency at full load and part load is on average 15%."]
[null,"C","Based on the Simple Cycle Turbine in the main technology catalogue. No improvement assumed in the future"]
[null,"D","Considering one service per year for borescope inspection (18h). No major maintenance intervals reached, due to low utilization."]
[null,"E","Lifetime most likely >25years, given low utilization"]
[null,"F","Some manufacturers offers pre-assembled mobile packages with installation in 30 days."]
[null,"G","Based on a droop control of 0.65 MW/s of a Industrial Trent 60 (66MW) turbine at self-sustained speed."]
[null,"H","Based on a gas turbine at self-sustained speed. Ramp rates of 15 MW/min to 50 MW/min."]
[null,"I","The minimum emissions-compliant load is around 50%, but in case emission regulations do not apply, this can be lower. The efficiency is reduced at part-load (roughly 15%)"]
[null,"L","The lower bound of 7 minutes might be increased to 10 minutes if the plant is connected to high voltage and transformer needs to warm up before starting operations, similarly to Natural gas engine plants."]
[null,"M","Development of cost follows the assumptions explained in the introduction. 10% learning rate and capacity development based on IEA ETP 2016."]
[null,"N","The specific investment cost can vary depending on a number of parameters, like size of turbine, electrical equipment and other characteristics. The specific investment in 2015 from several projects is in the range 0.400-0.570."]
[null,"O","The uncertainty is estimated based on the cost span of a number of similar observed projects. It is assumed equal to ±20% in 2020 and it increases to ±30% in 2050."]
[null,"P","Assumed a reduction of 4% in 2030 and 8% in 2050, due to automation of the power plant control and improvement in the operation"]
[]
[null,"References:"]
[null,1,"GE - Aeroderivative turbines product brochures."]
[null,2,"Siemens - Aeroderivative turbine brochures"]
[null,3,"Main technology catalogue: Technology Data for Energy Plants - August 2016"]
[null,4,"EEA. Distributed Generation Operational Reliability and Availability Database. 2004"]
[null,5,"M. Welch, T.Krol. Flexible Power Generation for Grid Support utilizing Aero-derivative Gas Turbine Technology. 2016"]
[null,6,"EU Turbines. Gas and Steam Turbines Solutions for a sustainable energy mix (brochure). 2017"]
[null,7,"Forrsa Power plant for Fingrid. Available at: www.fingrid.fi/en/pages/news/news/2013/fingrids-new-reserve-power-plant-inaugurated-in-forssa/"]
[null,8,"Agora Energiwende. Flexibility in thermal power plants. 2017"]
[null,9," Energy Brainpool. Flexibility Needs and Options for Europe's Future Electricity System. September 2017."]
[null,10,"Phone interview with Siemens Turbomachinery UK"]
[null,11,"Institut for Miljøvidenskab. Emission factors. Available at: http://envs.au.dk/videnudveksling/luft/emissioner/emission-factors/"]
[null,12,"ESMAP. Technical paper: Study of Equipment Prices in the Power Sector. 2009"]

{"sheet":"52 OCGT - Light fuel oil","index":52,"n_rows":54,"n_cols":13,"rows_kept":54,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[50,2,50,12],[51,2,51,12],[52,2,52,12],[53,2,53,12],[54,2,54,12],[47,2,47,12],[3,3,3,12],[4,7,4,8],[4,9,4,10],[6,3,6,6],[16,2,16,12],[23,2,23,12],[30,2,30,12],[38,2,38,12],[44,2,44,12],[45,2,45,12],[46,2,46,12]]}
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Back to Index"]
[null,null,"Technology "]
[]
[null,null,"Technology","Open cycle gas turbine - light fuel oil"]
[null,null,null,2015,2020,2030,2050,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty (2050)",null,"Note","Ref"]
[null,null,"Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper"]
[null,null,"Generating capacity for one unit (MW)"]
[null,null,"Electricity efficiency (condensation mode for extraction plants), net (%), name plate",-1,-1,-1,-1,-0.5,1,null,null,"A",18]
[null,null,"Electricity efficiency (condensation mode for extraction plants), net (%), annual average",-1,-1,-1,-1,-0.5,1,null,null,"A",18]
[null,null,"Cb coefficient (50oC/100oC)","-","-","-","-"]
[null,null,"Cv coefficient (50oC/100oC)","-","-","-","-"]
[null,null,"Forced outage (%)"]
[null,null,"Planned outage (days per year)"]
[null,null,"Technical lifetime (years)"]
[null,null,"Construction time (years)"]
[]
[null,null,"Regulation ability"]
[null,null,"Primary regulation (% of full load per 30 seconds)"]
[null,null,"Secondary regulation (% of full load per minute)"]
[null,null,"Minimum load (% of full load)"]
[null,null,"Warm start-up time (minutes)","+0.5","+0.5","+0.5","+0.5",null,null,null,null,"A",18]
[null,null,"Cold start-up time (minutes)","+0.5","+0.5","+0.5","+0.5",null,null,null,null,"A",18]
[]
[null,null,"Environment"]
[null,null,"SO2 (g per GJ fuel)",23,23,23,23,null,null,null,null,"B",11]
[null,null,"NOX (g per GJ fuel) ",230,230,230,230,null,null,null,null,"B",11]
[null,null,"CH4 (g per GJ fuel)",3,3,3,3,null,null,null,null,"B",11]
[null,null,"N2O (g per GJ fuel)",0.6,0.6,0.6,0.6,null,null,null,null,"B",11]
[null,null,"Particles (g per GJ fuel)",5,5,5,5,null,null,null,null,"B",11]
[]
[null,null,"Financial data                                 "]
[null,null,"Specific investment (M€/MW)",0.39,{"$f":"D32*0.97","v":0.37830000000000003},{"$f":"D32*0.93","v":0.36270000000000002},{"$f":"D32*0.88","v":0.34320000000000001},{"$f":"E32*0.8","v":0.30264000000000002},{"$f":"E32*1.2","v":0.45396000000000003},{"$f":"G32*0.7","v":0.24023999999999998},{"$f":"G32*1.3","v":0.44616},"C, D",19]
[null,null," - of which equipment",{"$f":"0.78*D32","v":0.30420000000000003},{"$f":"0.78*E32","v":0.295074},0.28290600000000005,0.26769599999999999,null,null,null,null,null,20]
[null,null," - of which installation",{"$f":"0.22*D32","v":8.5800000000000001E-2},{"$f":"0.22*E32","v":8.3226000000000008E-2},7.9794000000000004E-2,7.5504000000000002E-2,null,null,null,null,null,20]
[null,null,"Fixed O&M (€/MW/year)"]
[null,null,"Variable O&M (€/MWh)"]
[null,null,"Startup cost (€/MW/startup)"]
[]
[null,null,"Technology specific data"]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,"Notes:"]
[null,"A","Value indicate the estimated change from the correspondent value of natural gas fuelled plant (unit is the same as the paramter)."]
[null,"B","Emission values for Gas Oil. If Residual Oil used, SO2 emissions increased to 100g, NOx reduced to 138g and Particles to 3g."]
[null,"C","Development of cost follows the assumptions explained in the introduction. 10% learning rate and capacity development based on IEA ETP 2016. Same development as natural gas fuelled plant, since the technology is the same."]
[null,"D","The uncertainty is estimated based on the cost span of a number of similar observed projects. It is assumed equal to ±20% in 2020 and it increases to ±30% in 2050."]
[]
[null,"References:"]
[null,11,"Institut for Miljøvidenskab. Emission factors. Available at: http://envs.au.dk/videnudveksling/luft/emissioner/emission-factors/"]
[null,18,"Phone interview with Siemens Turbomachinery UK"]
[null,19,"Forrsa Power plant for Fingrid. Available at: www.fingrid.fi/en/pages/news/news/2013/fingrids-new-reserve-power-plant-inaugurated-in-forssa/"]
[null,20,"ESMAP. Technical paper: Study of Equipment Prices in the Power Sector. 2009"]