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{"sheet":"Index","index":0,"n_rows":9,"n_cols":6,"rows_kept":9,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[0,5,0,12]]}
["Sheet","INDEX",null,null,null,"Technology Data for Energy storage"]
[2,"140 PTES seasonal",null,null,null,"All cost data is in 2015€"]
[3,"141 Large hot water tank"]
[4,"150 Underground Storage of Gas"]
[5,"151 Hydrogen Storage"]
[6,"160 Pumped hydro storage"]
[7,"161 CAES"]
[8,"180 Batteries NaS"]
[9,"180 Batteries VRB"]

{"sheet":"140 PTES seasonal","index":1,"n_rows":25,"n_cols":10,"rows_kept":25,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[22,1,22,7],[24,1,24,7],[16,1,16,7],[17,1,17,7],[18,1,18,7],[20,1,20,7],[21,1,21,7],[2,2,2,7],[4,1,4,7],[5,2,5,5],[10,1,10,7]]}
[null,"140 Pit Thermal Energy Storage - seasonal heat storage",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Back to Index"]
[]
[null,"Technology","Seasonal heat storage in water pits"]
[null,null,2015,2020,2030,2050,"Note","Ref"]
[null,"Energy/technical data"]
[null,"Store volume (m3)",60000]
[null,"Storage capacity, kWh/m3","60-80",null,null,null,null,2]
[null,"Efficiency, %","80-95",null,null,null,"A",3]
[null,"Construction time (years)",0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,null,3]
[null,"Technical lifetime (years)",20,20,20,20,"B",3]
[null,"Financial data"]
[null,"Specific investment costs (€ per m3)",35.496209999999998,35.496209999999998,33.721399499999997,30.171778499999999,"C","1;3;3;3"]
[null,"Electricity consumption (MWh/year)",39.507281730000003,null,null,null,"D",3]
[null,"O&M (% of investment per year)",0.7,null,null,null,null,3]
[]
["References:"]
[1,"“Seasonal heat storages in district heating networks”, Ellehauge & Kildemoes and Cowi, July 2007. A project (Preheat) funded by Intelligent Energy – Europe and the Danish systems operator Energinet.dk."]
[2,"Dirk Mangold: “Seasonal Heat Storage. Pilot projects and experiences in Germany”. Presentation at the PREHEAT Symposium at Intersolar 2007, Freiburg, Germany, June 2007."]
[3,"Planenergi (Danish company; www.planenergi.dk), which in 2010 is installing a 60,000 m3 pit store in Northern Jutland."]
["Notes:"]
["A","The storage loss depends on several parameters, such as store volume, insulation, whether a heat pump is part of the system etc. The stated interval covers a large store, storage temperature 85-90 C, without (80%) and with (95%) a heatpump to discharge the store."]
["B","The most critical part is the cover. The technical lifetime depends much on the water temperature. The lifetime of the store may be extended by reinvesting in a new cover."]
["C","2010: Budget cost for a 60,000 m3 pit. The cost development assumes a 10-20% reduction from 2020 to 2050, caused by replication of pits, pipes, pumps, heat exchangers and control system. For other store volumes, please refer to paragraph 'Additional remarks' above."]
["D","Electricity for internal pumps etc. only. If a heat pump is used, the drive electricity shall be added."]
["E","Cost data are the same as in the 2010 catalogue, however inflated from price level 2008 to 2011 by multiplying with a general inflation factor 1.053"]

{"sheet":"141 Large hot water tank","index":2,"n_rows":20,"n_cols":8,"rows_kept":20,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[10,1,10,7],[15,1,15,7],[16,1,16,7],[18,1,18,7],[2,2,2,7],[4,1,4,7],[8,1,8,7],[9,2,9,3]]}
[null,"141 Large-Scale Hot Water Tanks (steel)",null,null,null,null,null,"Back to Index"]
[]
[null,"Technology","Large steel tanks for heat storage"]
[null,null,2010,2020,2030,2050,"Note","Ref"]
[null,"Energy/technical data"]
[null,"Storage capacity, kWh/m3","60-80",null,null,null,null,1]
[null,"Efficiency, %",95,null,null,null,"A"]
[]
[null,"Environment"]
[]
[null,"Financial data"]
[null,"Specific investment costs (€ per m3)","160-260",null,null,null,"B",2]
[null,"O&M"]
[]
["References:"]
[1,"Dirk Mangold: “Seasonal Heat Storage. Pilot projects and experiences in Germany”. Presentation at the PREHEAT Symposium at Intersolar 2007, Freiburg, Germany, June 2007."]
[2,"“Heat storage technologies”. Report, June 2007, from the PREHEAT project, funded by the Intelligent Energy – Europe programme (www.preheat.org)."]
["Notes:"]
["A","This is an example: A 10,000 m3 store operating between 90 and 50 C, an outdoor temperature of 5 C, and a storage cycle of one week. Cf. description above under 'Additional remarks'."]
["B","Store volume 10,000 m3."]

{"sheet":"150 Underground Storage of Gas","index":3,"n_rows":31,"n_cols":8,"rows_kept":31,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[]}
[null,"150 Underground Storage of Gas",null,null,null,null,null,"Back to Index"]
[]
[null,"Cavern leaching"]
[null,"Plant for cavern leaching","Mill. €"]
[null,"Total",9.8579604592665291]
[]
[null,"Establishment of one cavern, 100 million Nm3 (approx. 1.1 TWh)"]
[null,null,"Mill. €"]
[null,"Construction and equipment",22.109997030069213]
[null,"Cushion gas for one cavern (40% of total)",14.08280065609504]
[null,"Total cost, 100 mio Nm3 active volume",36.192797686164255]
[]
[null,"Process equipment; injection 200,000 Nm3/hour (approx. 2200 MW),"]
[null,"withdrawal 600,000 nM3/hour (approx. 6600 MW)"]
[null,null,"Mill. €"]
[null,"Construction work",2.8165601312190081]
[null,"Compressors, incl. auxiliaries",30.137193404043387]
[null,"Udtrækstog",12.956176603607437]
[null,"Withdrawal equipment",4.5064962099504129]
[null,"Connections, transformer, regulation, and instruments",12.674520590485535]
[null,"Total investment cost",63.09094693930578]
[]
[null,"A new greenfield store, equivalent to Lille Torup in Denmark, would require"]
[null,"one leaching plant, 5 caverns, and one process plant."]
[null,"Total investment cost",{"$f":"C5+C11*5+C21","v":253.91289582939359},"mill. €"]
[]
[null,"Operation and maintenace, salt cavern, 400-500 million m3 working gas"]
[null,null,"Mill. € per year"]
[null,"Electricity","0.7 - 1.1"]
[null,"Gas consumption to reheat extracted gas",0.13]
[null,"Total, incl. administration",6.5]

{"sheet":"151 Hydrogen Storage","index":4,"n_rows":21,"n_cols":8,"rows_kept":21,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[20,1,20,7],[2,2,2,7],[4,1,4,7],[9,1,9,7],[16,1,16,7],[18,1,18,7],[19,1,19,7]]}
[null,"151 Hydrogen Storage",null,null,null,null,null,"Back to Index"]
[]
[null,"Technology","Hydrogen storage, cavern"]
[null,null,2015,2020,2030,2050,"Note","Ref"]
[null,"Energy/technical data"]
[null,"Output capacity, MW",2,null,null,null,null,1]
[null,"Storage volume, MWh",10,null,null,null,null,1]
[null,"Overall cycle efficiency, AC-AC (%)",35,null,null,null,"A",1]
[null,"Technical lifetime (year)",30,null,null,null,null,1]
[null,"Financial data"]
[null,"Investment storage, € per kWh storage volume",11,null,null,null,"A+B+C",1]
[null,"Investment converter, € per kW output capacity",3000,null,null,null,"A+B+C",1]
[null,"Fixed O&M (€/MW/year)"]
[null,"Variable O&M (€/MWh)"]
[]
["References:"]
[1,"“Economical and technical evaluation of energy storage systems”, presentation by J. Oberschmidt & M. Klobasa, Fraunhofer Institut, at the “Third International Renewable Energy Storage Conference (IRES 2008)”, Berlin, November 2008"]
["Notes:"]
["A","System: PEM electrolysis, storage of hydrogen at 30 bar, and a gas engine to convert back to AC."]
["B","The two investment components shall be added, cf. paragraph 1.3 in the introductive chapter."]
["C","Cost data are the same as in the 2010 catalogue, however inflated from price level 2008 to 2011 by multiplying with a general inflation factor 1.053"]

{"sheet":"160 Pumped hydro storage","index":5,"n_rows":25,"n_cols":8,"rows_kept":25,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[2,2,2,7],[4,1,4,7],[9,1,9,7],[13,2,13,5],[16,1,16,7],[17,1,17,7],[19,1,19,7],[21,1,21,7],[22,1,22,7],[23,1,23,7]]}
[null,"160 Pumped Hydro Storage",null,null,null,null,null,"Back to Index"]
[]
[null,"Technology","Pumped hydro storage"]
[null,null,2015,2020,2030,2050,"Note","Ref"]
[null,"Energy/technical data"]
[null,"Generating capacity for one unit (MW)","10-1000","10-1000","10-1000","10-1000","A",2]
[null,"Total efficiency (%) net","70 - 80","70 - 80","70 - 80","70 - 80","A",1]
[null,"Technical lifetime (years)",50,50,50,50,"A",1]
[null,"Construction time (years)","2-3","2-3","2-3","2-3","A"]
[null,"Financial data"]
[null,"Investment, pump part (M€/MW)",0.6,0.6,0.6,0.6,"B;C;A","1&2"]
[null,"Investment, total, greenfield plant (M€/MW)","< 4","< 4","< 4","< 4","D;A",4]
[null,"Fixed O&M (€/MW/year) - 1-2% of investment","6-12,000","6-12,000","6-12,000","6-12,000","B;A",3]
[null,"Variable O&M (€/MWh)","Depends on power price"]
[]
["References:"]
[1,"BKK, presentation on Nygard Pumpekraftverk"]
[2,"Tonstad Pumpekraftverk, Sira-Kvina kraftselskap, 2002"]
[3,"BKK and Sira-Kvina "]
[4,"“Energy technology perspectives 2008”, International Energy Agency, 2008."]
["Notes:"]
["A","No significant technology advance or cost decrease is expected, since hydropower and water pumping are established technologies."]
["B","Based on the September 2004 exchange rate of 1NOK = 0,12€"]
["C","Cost data are the same as in the 2005 catalogue, however inflated from price level 2002 to 2011 by multiplying with a general inflation factor 1.2306"]
["D","Cf. paragraph 'Additional remarks' above."]

{"sheet":"161 CAES","index":6,"n_rows":37,"n_cols":8,"rows_kept":37,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[35,1,35,7],[25,1,25,7],[28,1,28,7],[29,1,29,7],[31,1,31,7],[33,1,33,7],[34,1,34,7],[21,1,21,7],[2,2,2,7],[4,1,4,7],[5,2,5,5],[12,1,12,7],[16,1,16,7]]}
[null,"161 Compressed Air Energy Storage",null,null,null,null,null,"Back to Index"]
[]
[null,"Technology","Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES)"]
[null,null,2015,2020,2030,2050,"Note","Ref"]
[null,"Energy/technical data"]
[null,"Generating capacity for one unit (MW)","100 - 350"]
[null,"Electricity efficiency (%) net ",60,71,71,71,"A",1]
[null,"Time for warm start-up (hours)",0,0,0,0,null,2]
[null,"Starting reliability (%)",99,99,99,99,null,3]
[null,"Availability (%)",95,95,95,95,null,3]
[null,"Technical lifetime (years)",30,30,30,30,null,2]
[null,"Construction time (years)",3,3,3,3,null,2]
[null,"Environment"]
[null,"NOX (kg per GJ fuel)                             ","< 0,006","< 0,002","< 0,002","< 0,002","B",4]
[null,"CH4 (kg per GJ fuel)",1.5E-3,1.5E-3,1.5E-3,1.5E-3,null,4]
[null,"N2O (kg per GJ fuel)",2.2000000000000001E-3,null,null,null,null,4]
[null,"Financial data"]
[null,"Investment storage, € per kWh storage volume",240,246.12372748629602,246.12372748629602,246.12372748629602,"C+D",5]
[null,"Investment converter, € per kW output capacity",2000,1970,1970,1970,"C+D",5]
[null,"Fixed O&M (€/MW/year)","< 14,000","< 14,000","< 14,000","< 14,000","C+E",3]
[null,"Variable O&M (€/MW/year)","-","-",null,null,"F"]
[null,"Regulation ability"]
[null,"Fast reserve (MW per 15 minutes)",1,1,1,1,null,1]
[]
["References:"]
[1,"“30 years compressed air energy storage plant Huntorf – Experiences and outlook”, presentation by P. Radgen, E.ON Energie, at the “Third International Renewable Energy Storage Conference (IRES 2008)”, Berlin, November 2008."]
[2,"KBB GmbH (a Schlumberger company),"]
[3,"EPRI-DOE Handbook of Energy Storage for Transmission and Distribution Applications, EPRI, 2003"]
[4,"It is estimated that emissions will be similar to Gasturbine single cycle so data is copied from technology sheet no. 04. "]
[5,"“Economical and technical evaluation of energy storage systems”, presentation by J. Oberschmidt & M. Klobasa, Fraunhofer Institut, at the “Third International Renewable Energy Storage Conference (IRES 2008)”, Berlin, November 2008."]
["Notes:"]
["A","The 2010 efficiency data is for the two plants in operation. Efficiency improvements are based on a concrete case study."]
["B","NOx emission today 25 ppm, 2010-15 < 9 ppm and 2020-30 < 1 ppm. "]
["C","No significant cost decrease is expected, since all equipments are established technologies."]
["D","The two investment components shall be added, cf. paragraph 1.3 in the introductive chapter."]
["E","Cost data are the same as in the 2005 catalogue, however inflated from price level 2002 to 2011 by multiplying with a general inflation factor 1.2306"]
["F","Variable O&M costs depend mainly on power and gas consumption and the specific fuel costs."]

{"sheet":"180 Batteries NaS","index":7,"n_rows":35,"n_cols":8,"rows_kept":35,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[28,1,28,7],[29,1,29,7],[33,1,33,7],[34,1,34,7],[2,2,2,7],[4,1,4,7],[13,1,13,7],[23,1,23,7],[26,1,26,7],[27,1,27,7]]}
[null,"180 Batteries - NaS",null,null,null,null,null,"Back to Index"]
[]
[null,"Technology","Sodium Sulphur (NaS)"]
[null,null,2015,2020,2030,2050,"Note","Ref"]
[null,"Energy/technical data                                                               "]
[null,"Storage capacity (MWh)",100,{"$f":"C6","v":100},{"$f":"D6","v":100},null,null,2]
[null,"Generating capacity for one battery (MW)",10,{"$f":"C7","v":10},{"$f":"D7","v":10},null,null,2]
[null,"Charge-discharge ratio","2:1",null,null,null,"A",2]
[null,"Cell efficiency (%)"]
[null,"System efficiency (%), AC to AC, net",0.85,null,null,null,null,3]
[null,"Lifetime in full charge-discharge cycles",2500,null,null,null,null,2]
[null,"Technical lifetime (years)",15,{"$f":"C12","v":15},{"$f":"D12","v":15},null,null,5]
[null,"Construction time (months)","6-8",null,null,null,null,1]
[null,"Financial data"]
[null,"Specific investment, storage capacity (k€/MWh)","210-940",136,136,null,"D","7;4;4"]
[null,"or specific investment, output capacity (M€/MW)","1.8-2.6",1.7,1.7,null,"D","4+5+6;4,4"]
[null,"Fixed O&M (€/MW/year)",51000,51000,51000,null,"D",4]
[null,"      - do -",7100,null,null,null,"D",5]
[null,"Variable O&M (€/MWh)",5.2864705679999995,5.2864705679999995,5.2864705679999995,null,"B+D",4]
[null,"      - do -",15.627856338599999,null,null,null,"C+D",5]
[]
[]
["References:"]
[1,"Commercial Deployment of the NaS Battery in Japan, by Hyogo Takami, Tokyo Electric Power Company and Toyoo Takayama, NGK Insulators, Ltd."]
[2,"Electric energy storage solution group, R&D center, engineering R&D division, Tokyo electric power company (e-mail)"]
[3,"NAS battery energy storage system for power quality support in Malaysia, Siam, Hyogo Takami, (TEPCO)"]
[4,"EPRI-DOE Handbook of Energy Storage for Transmission and Distribution Applications, EPRI, 2003."]
[5,"\"Economic valuation of energy storage for utility.scale applæications\", Dan Mears, Technology Insigths (Canada) at Workshop on Electricity Storage, Toronto, June 18 2008."]
[6,"Information from NGK Insulators Ltd. (www.ngk.co.jp/english), Japan, to Danish Energy Authority, September 2008"]
[7,"Electricity Storage Association, California, http://electricitystorage.org/tech/technologies_comparisons_capitalcost.htm"]
["Notes:"]
["A","Number of hours it takes to charge the battery for having one hour to discharge the battery."]
["B","Based on 2500 operating hours a year"]
["C","Assuming 1000 hours/year. If the battery is used for regulation control and black start, the variable O&M is only 3 €/MWh."]
["D","Cost data are the same as in the 2010 catalogue, however inflated from price level 2008 to 2011 by multiplying with a general inflation factor 1.053"]

{"sheet":"180 Batteries VRB","index":8,"n_rows":26,"n_cols":8,"rows_kept":26,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[21,1,21,7],[23,1,23,7],[25,1,25,7],[2,2,2,7],[4,1,4,7],[11,1,11,7],[18,1,18,7],[19,1,19,7],[20,1,20,7]]}
[null,"180 Batteries - VRB",null,null,null,null,null,"Back to Index"]
[]
[null,"Technology","Vanadium Redox (VRB)"]
[null,null,2015,2020,2030,2050,"Note","Ref"]
[null,"Energy/technical data"]
[null,"Storage capacity (MWh)"]
[null,"Generating capacity for one unit (MW)",10,{"$f":"C7","v":10},{"$f":"D7","v":10},null,null,1]
[null,"System efficiency (%), DC to DC, net",80,null,null,null,null,3]
[null,"System efficiency (%), AC to AC, net",70,null,null,null,null,4]
[null,"Lifetime in full charge-discharge cycles",13000,null,null,null,null,1]
[null,"Construction time (months)","6-8",null,null,null,null,1]
[null,"Financial data"]
[null,"Investment storage, k€ per MWh storage volume",70,51,51,51,"C",4]
[null,"Investment converter, M€ per MW output capacity",1.5,1.1000000000000001,1.1000000000000001,1.1000000000000001,"C",4]
[null,"Fixed O&M (€/MW/year)",54000,54000,54000,null,"A",2]
[null,"Variable O&M (€/MWh)",2.7661764599999996,2.7661764599999996,2.7661764599999996,null,"A;B",2]
[]
["References:"]
[1,"VRB Power Systems Incorporated, an electrochemical Energy Storage Company, Executive Summary"]
[2,"EPRI-DOE Handbook of Energy Storage for Transmission and Distribution Applications, EPRI, 2003."]
[3,"“Vanadium redox flow battery”, presentation by M. Schreiber, Cellstrom, at the “Third International Renewable Energy Storage Conference (IRES 2008)”, Berlin, November 2008"]
[4,"“Economical and technical evaluation of energy storage systems”, presentation by J. Oberschmidt & M. Klobasa, Fraunhofer Institut, at the “Third International Renewable Energy Storage Conference (IRES 2008)”, Berlin, November 2008"]
["Notes:"]
["A","Cost data are the same as in the 2005 catalogue, however inflated from price level 2002 to 2011 by multiplying with a general inflation factor 1.2306"]
["B","Based on 2500 operating hours a year"]
["C","A 27% cost decrease for the mature technology is expected (ref.2)."]