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{"sheet":"Index","index":0,"n_rows":12,"n_cols":6,"rows_kept":12,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[0,5,0,12]]}
["Sheet","INDEX",null,null,null,"Technology Data for Energy storage"]
[2,"140 PTES seasonal",null,null,null,"All cost data is in 2015€"]
[3,"141 Large hot water tank"]
[4,"150 Underground Storage of Gas"]
[5,"151 Hydrogen Storage"]
[6,"160 Pumped hydro storage"]
[7,"161 CAES"]
[8,"162 Flywheels"]
[9,"180 Lithium Ion Battery"]
[10,"181 Vanadium Redox Flow Battery"]
[11,"182 Na-S Battery"]
[12,"183 Na-NiCl2 Battery"]

{"sheet":"140 PTES seasonal","index":1,"n_rows":52,"n_cols":13,"rows_kept":52,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[48,1,48,12],[49,1,49,12],[50,1,50,12],[51,1,51,12],[41,1,41,12],[42,1,42,12],[43,1,43,12],[44,1,44,12],[45,1,45,12],[31,1,31,12],[33,2,33,10],[38,1,38,12],[39,1,39,12],[40,1,40,12],[20,1,20,12],[24,1,24,12],[2,2,2,12],[3,7,3,8],[3,9,3,10],[5,2,5,6],[6,2,6,6]]}
[null,"Technology ","Storage technologies",null,null,null,null,"Back to Index"]
[]
[null,"Technology","Pit Thermal Energy Storage (PTES)"]
[null,null,2015,2020,2030,2040,2050,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty (2050)",null,"Note","Ref"]
[null,"Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper"]
[null,"Form of energy stored","Heat"]
[null,"Application","System"]
[null,"Energy storage capacity for one unit (MWh)",{"$f":"MROUND(C33*(C35-C36)/860,500)","v":4500},{"$f":"MROUND(D33*(D35-D36)/860,500)","v":4500},4500,4500,4500,4500,4500,4500,4500]
[null,"Output capacity for one unit (MW)",30,30,30,30,30,30,30,30,30,"A",5]
[null,"Input capacity for one unit (MW)",30,30,30,30,30,30,30,30,30,"A",5]
[null,"Round trip efficiency (%)",70,70,70,70,70,60,80,60,80,"B","1, 5, 14"]
[null," - Charge efficiency (%)",100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,"B"]
[null," - Discharge efficiency (%)",100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,"B"]
[null,"Energy losses during storage (K / day)",0.08,0.08,0.08,0.08,0.08,0.04,0.1,0.04,0.1,"B",12]
[null,"Auxiliary electricity consumption (% of output)",2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,"C",5]
[null,"Forced outage (%)",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0]
[null,"Planned outage (weeks per year)",1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1]
[null,"Technical lifetime (years)",20,20,25,25,25,15,25,20,30,"D"]
[null,"Construction time (years)",1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,"E"]
[]
[null,"Regulation ability"]
[null,"Primary regulation (% per 30 sec)"]
[null,"Secondary regulation (% per minute)"]
[]
[null,"Financial data                                 "]
[null,"Specific investment (M€2015 / GWhCapacity)",{"$f":"(0.0000244*C33+0.9)/(C8/1000)","v":0.5795555555555556},{"$f":"(0.0000244*D33+0.9)/(D8/1000)","v":0.5795555555555556},{"$f":"(0.000035*E33)/(E8/1000)","v":0.5444444444444444},{"$f":"(E26+G26)/2","v":0.50555555555555554},{"$f":"(0.00003*G33)/(G8/1000)","v":0.46666666666666667},{"$f":"(0.00003*H33)/(D8/1000)","v":0.46666666666666667},{"$f":"(0.00004*I33)/(E8/1000)","v":0.62222222222222223},{"$f":"(0.000025*J33)/(J8/1000)","v":0.3888888888888889},{"$f":"(0.000035*K33)/(K8/1000)","v":0.5444444444444444},"F",5]
[null," - hereof equipment (%)",75,75,75,75,75,75,75,75,75,null,5]
[null," - hereof installation (%)",25,25,25,25,25,25,25,25,25,null,5]
[null,"Fixed O&M (€2015/MWhCapacity/year)",3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,"G","1, 5"]
[null,"Variable O&M (€2015/MWhoutput)",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,"G","1, 5"]
[]
[null,"Technology specific data                                 "]
[null,"Storage volume for one unit (m3)",70000,{"$f":"C33","v":70000},{"$f":"D33","v":70000},70000,{"$f":"E33","v":70000},70000,70000,70000,70000]
[null,"Storage medium","Water"]
[null,"Max. storage temperature, hot(⁰C)",90,90,90,90,90,90,90,90,90]
[null,"Storage temperature, discharged (⁰C)",35,35,35,35,35,35,35,35,35,"H"]
[]
["Notes:"]
["A","The charge/discharge capacity corresponds to an example where a solar fraction of 40 % was desired. Other input/output capacities (also relative to storage capacity) may occur for other purposes. Measurements from SUNSTORE 3 show approx. 80 % efficiency for a storage with heat pump."]
["B","Values in the table are without a heat pump. The storage loss depends on several parameters, such as store volume, insulation, whether a heat pump is part of the system etc. Round trip efficiency of approx. 80 % when applying a heat pump for cooling to 10°C. (Dis-)charge losses 0 cf. Direct use of water from the connected district heating grid (without exchanger).\nLosses are dependent on the temperature of the storage. 0.08 K/day at average temperature of approx. 78°C, falling to 0.04 K/day at 56°C."]
["C","Approx. 100 MWh/year for pumps, at 2,000 fullload hours for the pumps, considering one full cycle"]
["D","Current max. Technical lifetime for liners."]
["E","Excl. Extensive planning phase with possibly Environmental Impact Assessment etc. Careful timing of steps is mandatory, as the steps of excavation, building, installation of liners etc. Can be done within one summer. If not, the construction time expands to approx. 2 years."]
["F","Estimated from the cost of the 7 Danish plants, described in the text and due to effects of economy of scale, the total costs of a PTES in 2015  could be described in a formula:   Cost [M€] = 0.9 + 2.44*10-5*V   , with V being the volume in m3 . Corresponding to 37€/m3 at 70,000 m3  and 0.58 M€ per GWhCapacity. The costs are based on decent soil conditions, i.e. sand ground and not e.g. heavy clay.\nThe costs can be split as follows:\n15 % Excavation and reinstallation of soil\n35 % Buttom and side surfaces & insulation material\n20 % Installation (of primarily liner)\n15 % Piping \n15 % Water (incl. desalination) "]
["G","The Fixed O&M is set according to capacity of the Energy Storage specified in the top of the table. Corresponding to approx. 13,000 €/storage/year for e.g. divers for inspection, adding of possible leakages and minor fixes."]
["H","Cooling to lower temperatures is only possible when a heat pump is used to chill the PTES."]
["I","Total efficiency during a one year cycle, including losses during storage period."]
["References"]
[1,"PlanEnergi, Teknologisk Institut, GEO & Grøn Energi, 2013, Udredning vedrørende varmelagringsteknologier og store varmepumper til brug i fjernvarmesystemer"]
[5,"PlanEnergi 2017, based on latest three projects and tender material for two planned PTES (2017/18)"]
[12,"Danish Energy Agency, 1988, Energy Technology Catalogue 38.01"]
[14,"Schmidt, Sørensen (2018). Monitoring Results from Large Scale Heat storages for District Heating in Denmark. 14th International Conference on Energy Storage, 25-28 April 2018, Adana, Turkey"]

{"sheet":"141 Large hot water tank","index":2,"n_rows":49,"n_cols":13,"rows_kept":49,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[43,1,43,12],[44,1,44,12],[47,1,47,12],[48,1,48,12],[38,1,38,12],[39,1,39,12],[40,1,40,12],[41,1,41,12],[42,1,42,12],[20,1,20,12],[24,1,24,12],[31,1,31,12],[36,1,36,12],[37,1,37,12],[6,2,6,6],[2,2,2,12],[3,7,3,8],[3,9,3,10],[4,1,4,6],[5,2,5,6]]}
[null,"Technology ","Storage technologies",null,null,null,null,"Back to Index"]
[]
[null,"Technology","Large-Scale Hot Water Tanks (steel)"]
[null,null,2015,2020,2030,2040,2050,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty (2050)",null,"Note","Ref"]
[null,"Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper"]
[null,"Form of energy stored","Heat"]
[null,"Application","System"]
[null,"Energy storage capacity for one unit (MWh)",{"$f":"MROUND(C34*C33/860*0.9,5)","v":175},{"$f":"MROUND(D34*D33/860*0.9,5)","v":175},175,175,175,{"$f":"MROUND(H34*H33/860*0.9,5)","v":45},{"$f":"MROUND(I34*I33/860*0.9,5)","v":315},{"$f":"MROUND(J34*J33/860*0.9,5)","v":45},{"$f":"MROUND(K34*K33/860*0.9,5)","v":315},"A"]
[null,"Output capacity for one unit (MW)",{"$f":"MROUND(C8/60,0.1)","v":2.9000000000000004},{"$f":"MROUND(D8/60,0.1)","v":2.9000000000000004},2.9000000000000004,2.9000000000000004,2.9000000000000004,{"$f":"MROUND(H8/60,0.1)","v":0.8},{"$f":"MROUND(I8/60,0.1)","v":5.3000000000000007},{"$f":"MROUND(J8/60,0.1)","v":0.8},{"$f":"MROUND(K8/60,0.1)","v":5.3000000000000007},"B",7]
[null,"Input capacity for one unit (MW)",{"$f":"C9","v":2.9000000000000004},{"$f":"D9","v":2.9000000000000004},2.9000000000000004,2.9000000000000004,2.9000000000000004,0.8,{"$f":"I9","v":5.3000000000000007},0.8,{"$f":"K9","v":5.3000000000000007},"B",7]
[null,"Round trip efficiency (%)",98,98,98,98,98,96,99,96,99,"J",2]
[null," - Charge efficiency (%)",100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,"C"]
[null," - Discharge efficiency (%)",100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100,100]
[null,"Energy losses during storage (% / day)",{"$f":"1.3/7","v":0.18571428571428572},{"$f":"1.3/7","v":0.18571428571428572},0.18571428571428572,0.18571428571428572,0.18571428571428572,{"$f":"1/7","v":0.14285714285714285},{"$f":"1.7/7","v":0.24285714285714285},{"$f":"1/7","v":0.14285714285714285},{"$f":"1.7/7","v":0.24285714285714285},null,2]
[null,"Auxiliary electricity consumption (% of output)",1,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,1,"D",7]
[null,"Forced outage (%)",0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,3,null,7]
[null,"Planned outage (weeks per year)",1,1,1,1,1,0,4,0,4,"E",7]
[null,"Technical lifetime (years)",40,40,40,40,40,30,50,30,50,"F",2]
[null,"Construction time (years)",0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,1,0.5,1,"G",7]
[]
[null,"Regulation ability"]
[null,"Primary regulation (% per 30 sec)"]
[null,"Secondary regulation (% per minute)"]
[]
[null,"Financial data                                 "]
[null,"Specific investment (M€2015 / GWhCapacity)",{"$f":"7450*C33^-0.47*C33/1000000/(C8/1000)","v":2.9647801144819392},{"$f":"7450*D33^-0.47*D33/1000000/(D8/1000)","v":2.9647801144819392},2.9647801144819392,2.9647801144819392,2.9647801144819392,{"$f":"7450*I33^-0.47*I33/1000000/(I8/1000)","v":2.1592345524313523},{"$f":"7450*H33^-0.47*H33/1000000/(H8/1000)","v":7.9849486255698485},{"$f":"7450*K33^-0.47*K33/1000000/(K8/1000)","v":2.1592345524313523},{"$f":"7450*J33^-0.47*J33/1000000/(J8/1000)","v":7.9849486255698485},"H","2, 7"]
[null," - hereof equipment (%)",70,70,70,70,70,70,70,70,70,null,7]
[null," - hereof installation (%)",30,30,30,30,30,30,30,30,30,null,7]
[null,"Fixed O&M (€2015/MWhCapacity/year)",8.6,8.6,8.6,8.6,8.6,{"$f":"1500/I8","v":4.7619047619047619},{"$f":"1500/H8","v":33.333333333333336},{"$f":"1500/K8","v":4.7619047619047619},{"$f":"1500/J8","v":33.333333333333336},"E",7]
[null,"Variable O&M (€2015/MWhoutput)",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,"I",7]
[]
[null,"Technology specific data                                 "]
[null,"Tank volume of example (m3)",3000,3000,3000,3000,3000,1500,5000,1500,5000]
[null,"Typical temperature difference in storage (hot/cold, K)",55,55,55,55,55,30,60,30,60]
[]
["Notes:"]
["A","Considering a temperature difference of 55K (hot/cold), 90% availability."]
["B","Considering a full charging cycle of 60 hours (2.5 days), cf. traditional application of steel tanks in Danish DH-plants. The capacity is practically limited by the available pipe dimensions for charge/discharge and the number of installed valves in the tank (in order to increase flow at same low turbulence)."]
["C","As tanks are typically connected directly to the district heating supply/return hydraulic system, there is no loss due to the dis-/charging."]
["D","Less than 1 % of the stored energy for circulation pumps and N2-production."]
["E","The Fixed O&M is set according to capacity of the Energy Storage specified in the top of the table. Corresponding to approx. 1500 €/tank/year. Typically limited to one inspection/year using a diver, if any at all."]
["F","Primarily limited by the extent to which the system is held corrosion-free."]
["G","Installation period for approval by authorities, site preparation, welding, connection, cleansing, initial filling and insulation. \nAdditional delivery time for steel may apply."]
["H","CAPEX for large-scale water tanks are best described in a formula, due to significant impact of economy of scale. For 2015, the following eqation is used to estimate the CAPEX in € pr. m3, based on data as presented in Figure 61.2: 7450*V*^(-0.47), V=Water Volume of tank in m3.\nDevelopment in CAPEX depends primarily on the development in steel prices."]
["I","Only variable O&M is electricity consumption for pumps and N2-production as specified above."]
["J","Total efficiency during a one year cycle, including losses during storage period."]
["References:"]
[2,"PlanEnergi, Teknologisk Institut, GEO & Grøn Energi, 2013, Udredning vedrørende varmelagringsteknologier og store varmepumper til brug i fjern-varmesystemer"]
[7,"PlanEnergi, references from various projects in Danish district heating systems."]

{"sheet":"150 Underground Storage of Gas","index":3,"n_rows":31,"n_cols":8,"rows_kept":31,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[]}
[null,"150 Underground Storage of Gas",null,null,null,null,null,"Back to Index"]
[]
[null,"Cavern leaching"]
[null,"Plant for cavern leaching","Mill. €"]
[null,"Total",9.8579604592665291]
[]
[null,"Establishment of one cavern, 100 million Nm3 (approx. 1.1 TWh)"]
[null,null,"Mill. €"]
[null,"Construction and equipment",22.109997030069213]
[null,"Cushion gas for one cavern (40% of total)",14.08280065609504]
[null,"Total cost, 100 mio Nm3 active volume",36.192797686164255]
[]
[null,"Process equipment; injection 200,000 Nm3/hour (approx. 2200 MW),"]
[null,"withdrawal 600,000 nM3/hour (approx. 6600 MW)"]
[null,null,"Mill. €"]
[null,"Construction work",2.8165601312190081]
[null,"Compressors, incl. auxiliaries",30.137193404043387]
[null,"Udtrækstog",12.956176603607437]
[null,"Withdrawal equipment",4.5064962099504129]
[null,"Connections, transformer, regulation, and instruments",12.674520590485535]
[null,"Total investment cost",63.09094693930578]
[]
[null,"A new greenfield store, equivalent to Lille Torup in Denmark, would require"]
[null,"one leaching plant, 5 caverns, and one process plant."]
[null,"Total investment cost",{"$f":"C5+C11*5+C21","v":253.91289582939359},"mill. €"]
[]
[null,"Operation and maintenace, salt cavern, 400-500 million m3 working gas"]
[null,null,"Mill. € per year"]
[null,"Electricity","0.7 - 1.1"]
[null,"Gas consumption to reheat extracted gas",0.13]
[null,"Total, incl. administration",6.5]

{"sheet":"151 Hydrogen Storage","index":4,"n_rows":21,"n_cols":8,"rows_kept":21,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[20,1,20,7],[2,2,2,7],[4,1,4,7],[9,1,9,7],[16,1,16,7],[18,1,18,7],[19,1,19,7]]}
[null,"151 Hydrogen Storage",null,null,null,null,null,"Back to Index"]
[]
[null,"Technology","Hydrogen storage, cavern"]
[null,null,2015,2020,2030,2050,"Note","Ref"]
[null,"Energy/technical data"]
[null,"Output capacity, MW",2,null,null,null,null,1]
[null,"Storage volume, MWh",10,null,null,null,null,1]
[null,"Overall cycle efficiency, AC-AC (%)",35,null,null,null,"A",1]
[null,"Technical lifetime (year)",30,null,null,null,null,1]
[null,"Financial data"]
[null,"Investment storage, € per kWh storage volume",11,null,null,null,"A+B+C",1]
[null,"Investment converter, € per kW output capacity",3000,null,null,null,"A+B+C",1]
[null,"Fixed O&M (€/MW/year)"]
[null,"Variable O&M (€/MWh)"]
[]
["References:"]
[1,"“Economical and technical evaluation of energy storage systems”, presentation by J. Oberschmidt & M. Klobasa, Fraunhofer Institut, at the “Third International Renewable Energy Storage Conference (IRES 2008)”, Berlin, November 2008"]
["Notes:"]
["A","System: PEM electrolysis, storage of hydrogen at 30 bar, and a gas engine to convert back to AC."]
["B","The two investment components shall be added, cf. paragraph 1.3 in the introductive chapter."]
["C","Cost data are the same as in the 2010 catalogue, however inflated from price level 2008 to 2011 by multiplying with a general inflation factor 1.053"]

{"sheet":"160 Pumped hydro storage","index":5,"n_rows":25,"n_cols":8,"rows_kept":25,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[17,1,17,7],[19,1,19,7],[21,1,21,7],[22,1,22,7],[23,1,23,7],[2,2,2,7],[4,1,4,7],[9,1,9,7],[13,2,13,5],[16,1,16,7]]}
[null,"160 Pumped Hydro Storage",null,null,null,null,null,"Back to Index"]
[]
[null,"Technology","Pumped hydro storage"]
[null,null,2015,2020,2030,2050,"Note","Ref"]
[null,"Energy/technical data"]
[null,"Generating capacity for one unit (MW)","10-1000","10-1000","10-1000","10-1000","A",2]
[null,"Total efficiency (%) net","70 - 80","70 - 80","70 - 80","70 - 80","A",1]
[null,"Technical lifetime (years)",50,50,50,50,"A",1]
[null,"Construction time (years)","2-3","2-3","2-3","2-3","A"]
[null,"Financial data"]
[null,"Investment, pump part (M€/MW)",0.6,0.6,0.6,0.6,"B;C;A","1&2"]
[null,"Investment, total, greenfield plant (M€/MW)","< 4","< 4","< 4","< 4","D;A",4]
[null,"Fixed O&M (€/MW/year) - 1-2% of investment","6-12,000","6-12,000","6-12,000","6-12,000","B;A",3]
[null,"Variable O&M (€/MWh)","Depends on power price"]
[]
["References:"]
[1,"BKK, presentation on Nygard Pumpekraftverk"]
[2,"Tonstad Pumpekraftverk, Sira-Kvina kraftselskap, 2002"]
[3,"BKK and Sira-Kvina "]
[4,"“Energy technology perspectives 2008”, International Energy Agency, 2008."]
["Notes:"]
["A","No significant technology advance or cost decrease is expected, since hydropower and water pumping are established technologies."]
["B","Based on the September 2004 exchange rate of 1NOK = 0,12€"]
["C","Cost data are the same as in the 2005 catalogue, however inflated from price level 2002 to 2011 by multiplying with a general inflation factor 1.2306"]
["D","Cf. paragraph 'Additional remarks' above."]

{"sheet":"161 CAES","index":6,"n_rows":86,"n_cols":12,"rows_kept":86,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[2,3,2,11],[3,1,4,1],[3,2,4,2],[3,3,4,3],[3,4,4,4],[3,5,4,5],[3,6,4,7],[3,8,4,9],[3,10,4,10],[3,11,4,11],[6,2,6,5],[7,2,7,5],[21,1,22,11],[26,1,26,11],[34,1,34,11],[38,1,38,11],[39,1,39,11],[40,1,40,11],[41,1,41,11],[42,1,42,11],[43,1,43,11],[44,1,44,11],[45,1,45,11],[46,1,46,11],[47,1,47,11],[48,1,48,11],[50,1,50,7],[51,1,51,8],[52,1,52,7],[53,1,53,7],[54,1,54,7],[55,1,55,7],[56,1,56,7],[57,1,57,7],[58,1,58,7],[59,1,59,7],[60,1,60,7],[61,1,61,7],[62,1,62,7],[63,1,63,7],[64,1,64,7],[65,1,65,7],[66,1,66,7],[67,1,67,7],[68,1,68,7],[69,1,69,7],[70,1,70,7],[71,1,71,7],[72,1,72,7],[73,1,73,7],[74,1,74,7],[75,1,75,7],[76,1,76,7],[77,1,77,7],[78,1,78,7],[84,1,84,7],[85,1,85,7],[79,1,79,7],[80,1,80,7],[81,1,81,7],[82,1,82,7],[83,1,83,7]]}
[null,"161 Compressed Air Energy Storage ",null,null,null,null,null,"Back to Index"]
[]
[null,null,null,"Compressed Air Energy Storage "]
[null,null,2015,2020,2030,2050,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty (2050)",null,"Note","Ref"]
[]
[null,"Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper "]
[null,"Form of energy stored","Electricity to mechanical and heat"]
[null,"Application","System, energy-intensive"]
[null,"Energy storage capacity for one unit (MWh)",3000,3000,3000,3000,"-","-",3000,10000,"I","[3]"]
[null,"Output capacity for one unit (MW)",300,300,300,300,"-","-",300,500,"I, J","[3]"]
[null,"Input capacity for one unit (MW)",60,60,60,60,"-","-",60,80,"I, J","[9]"]
[null,"Round trip efficiency (%)",55,60,70,72,55,55,64,72,"A, B","[9] [26]"]
[null," - Charge efficiency (%)",80,80,84,85,80,80,80,85,null,"[7]"]
[null," - Discharge efficiency (%)",69,80,84,85,69,69,80,85,null,"[7]"]
[null,"Energy losses during storage (%/period)","Close to 0",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,null,"[27]"]
[null,"Auxiliary electricity consumption (% of output)","-","-","-","-"]
[null,"Forced outage (%)",5,5,4,4,"-","-",2,4,"I, K","[9]"]
[null,"Planned outage (weeks per year)",5,5,4,3,"-","-",2,3,"I, K","[9]"]
[null,"Technical lifetime (years)",40,40,40,40,35,45,35,45,null,"[20] [8]"]
[null,"Construction time (years)","<3","<3","<3","<3",2,3,2,3,null,"[8]"]
[]
[null,"Regulation ability"]
[]
[null,"Idle to full discharge (sec)",700,700,1000,1000,500,"1000 "," 800"," 1200","D, G","[3], [8]"]
[null,"Full charge to full discharge (sec)","-","-","-","-",null,null,null,null,"F"]
[]
[null,"Financial data                                 "]
[null,"Specific investment (M€2015 per MWh)",0.65,0.65,1,0.8,0.3,1.2,0.4,2," C, E","Table 3 [26]"]
[null,"  -Energy component (M€/MWh)",2E-3,2E-3,2E-3,2E-3,2E-3,0.01,2E-3,0.01,"H","[23]"]
[null,"  -Capacity component (M€/MW)",0.6,0.6,0.9,0.9,0.3,1.2,0.3,1.2,null,"[24]"]
[null,"  -Other project costs (M€/MWh)",8.5000000000000006E-2,8.5000000000000006E-2,8.5000000000000006E-2,8.5000000000000006E-2,0.08,0.09,0.08,0.09,null,"[24]"]
[null,"Fixed O&M (€2016/MW/year)",2460,2460,2460,2460,2000,"4000 ","2000 ","4000 ",null,"[20]"]
[null,"Variable O&M (€2016/MWh)",2.46,2.46,2.46,2.46,2,"3 ","2 ","3 ",null,"[20]"]
[]
[null,"Technology specific data                                 "]
[null,"Specific investment ((€2016/kW)",640,640,640,640,"-","-",550,640,"C, K","Table 3"]
[]
["Notes"]
["A"," For efficiency it is assumed that that new CAES plants can be constructed with at least the same efficiency as the McIntosh plant."]
["B","The use of gas in a CAES plant is assumed at the same efficiency as the average use of chemical fuels in the Danish electricity system, i.e. 35% in 2014"]
["C"," In general it is assumed that at some point between 2020 and 2030 adiabatic CAES plants will dominate the market. This means that investment costs will increase and performance characteristics will improve."]
["D","The obtainable ramping rate is likely to decrease after application of thermal energy storage. This is because the heat must be delivered to the storage material, which is a process that cannot be controlled independently."]
["E","For the costs per kWh in Table 3 the data lying between 0 and 2 EUR/kWh have been disregarded because it is assumed, that only storage costs are included"]
["F","Operation not suitable nor relevant for CAES. Data not available. "]
["G","If a CAES plant is operated as a hot spinning reserve, it can  reach the maximum capacity within a few minutes. The emergency startup times from cold conditions at the Huntorf and McIntosh plants are about 5 minutes. Their normal startup times are about 10 to 12 minutes [8]"]
["H","Energy component here taken as the cavern excavating "]
["I"," New plants cannot be realized in 2020 because of lead time. Furthermore the upper limit for storage capacity of one unit is determined by cavern volume, which can be obtained practically without."]
["J","Upper limit in 2050 is based on the author´s assessment of technological development until then."]
["K","Lower limit in 2050 is based on the author´s assessment of technological development until then."]
[]
["References"]
[1,"S. Karellas and N. Tzouganatos, \"Comparison of the performance of compressed-air and hydrogen,\" vol. 29, 2014. "]
[2,"E. Barbour, \"http://energystoragesense.com/compressed-air-energy-storage/,\" [Online]. "]
[3,"S. Zunft, S. Freund and E. M. Schlichtenmayer, \"Large Scale Electricity Storage with Adiabatic CAES,\" Paris, November 2014. "]
[4,"\"Geological storage in Northern Ireland,\" Geological Survay of Northern Ireland. [Online]. "]
[5,"P. Johnson, \"ASSESSMENT OF COMPRESSED AIR ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM (CAES),\" Thesis Submitted to the University of Tennessee, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, Chattanooga, Tenessee, USA, 2014."]
[6,"R. W. S. Succar, \"Compressed Air Energy Storage: Theory, Resources, And Applications For Wind Power,\" Energy Systems Analysis Group, Princeton Environmental Institute, Princeton University, April 2008."]
[7,"J. W. X. Luo, \"Overview on current development on Compressed Air Energy Storage, EERA Technical Report – CAES.,\" School of engineering, University of Warwick. Available on http://integratedenergystorage.org/. Accessed February 2017, December 2013."]
[8,"I. Gyuk and S. Eckroad, \"EPRI-DOE Hanbook of Energy Storage for Transmission and Distribution Applications,1001834, Final Report,\" EPRI and DOE, December 2003."]
[9,"Nakhamkin and Brotel, \"Second generation compressed air storage,\" in Energy Storage Forum Europe, Rome, 2012. "]
[10,"F. Crotogino, K.-U. Mohmeyer and R. Scharf, \"Huntorf CAES / More than 20 yeasr of successful operation,\" Orlando, April 2001. "]
[11,"\"https://dddusmma.wordpress.com/2014/05/30/storage-is-essential-for-wind-and-solar/,\" Department of Energy, USA. [Online]. [Accessed 2017]."]
[12,"\"https://dddusmma.wordpress.com/2015/03/17/the-quest-for-storing-electricity/,\" 17 March 2015. [Online]. [Accessed 2017]."]
[13,"A. Wänn, P. Leahy, M. Reidy, S. Doyle, H. Dalton and P. Barr, \"Environmental performance of existing energy storage installations. Deliverable D.3.1. Available on www.store-project.eu. Accessed February 2017,\" stoRE project, 2012."]
[14,"E. Bouman, M. M. Øberg and E. G. Hertwich, \"LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF COMPRESSED AIR ENERGY STORAGE (CAES),\" Gothenburg, 2013. "]
[15,"\"ADELE – ADIABATIC COMPRESSED-AIR ENERGY STORAGE FOR ELECTRICITY SUPPLY. RWE Brochure.,\" RWE Power AG, Cologne, 2010."]
[16,"\"Energy Storage Technology Roadmap, Technology Annex, p. 5,\" International Energy Agency, March 2014."]
[17,"Gaelectric. Accesses February 2017. [Online]. "]
[18,"\"Gaelectric energy storage: The missing link. Brochure by Gaelectric. Availble on http://www.gaelectric.ie/energy-storage-publications/. Accessed February 2017,\" Gaelectric."]
[19,"[Online]. "]
[20,"D.Rastler, A. Akhil and D. Gauntlett, \"Energy Storage System Costs 2011 update. Excecutive summary.,\" 2011."]
[21,"\"InflationData.com,\" InflationData, 2017. [Online]. [Accessed March 2017]."]
[22,"E. Drury, P. Denholm and R. Sioshansi, \"The Value of Compressed Air Energy Storage in Energy and Reserve Markets,\" National Renewable Energy Laboratory, USA, 2009."]
[23,"\"Handbook for Energy Storage for Transmission or Distribution Applications. Report No. 1007189. Technical Update December 2002. Document can be found at: www.epri.com,\" EPRI, 2002."]
[24,"\"COST AND PERFORMANCE DATA FOR POWER GENERATION TECHNOLOGIES, Report prepared for the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Avaliable on https://www.bv.com/docs/reports-studies/nrel-cost-report.pdf (Accessed February 2017),\" Black & Veatch, 2012."]
[25,"B. McGrail, \"Techno-economic Performance Evaluation of Compressed Air Energy Storage in the Pacific Northwest. Available on http://caes.pnnl.gov/pdf/PNNL-22235.pdf. Accessed February 2017,\" Pacific Northwes National Laboratory (operated by Batelle), 2013."]
[26,"\"Materials Roadmap Enabling Low Carbon Energy Technologies, Commission Staff Working Paper,\" European Commission, Brussels, 2011."]
[27,"A. Bary, \"Storing natural gas underground. Available on https://www.slb.com/~/media/Files/resources/oilfield_review/ors02/sum02/p2_17.pdf (Accessed February 2017),\" Oilfield review, 2002."]
[28,"A. Cavallo, \"Controllable and affordable utility-scale electricity from intermittent wind resources and compressed air energy storage (CAES),\" vol. 32, pp. 120-127, 2007. "]
[29,"J. T. Dasand, \"Compressed Air Energy Storage (Educational Chapter),\" Iowa state University, 2012."]
[30,"E. M. G.Locatellia, \"Assessing the economics of large Energy Storage Plants with an optimisation methodology,\" vol. 83, April 2015. "]
[31,"\"Energy Storage News,\" Energy Storage News, 2016. [Online]. "]
[32,"P. Tayler, \"Pathways for Energy Storage in the UK, Report 007,\" The Centre for Low Carbon Futures, March 2012."]
[33,"H. Lund and G. Salgi, \"The role of compressed air energy storage (CAES) in future sustainable energy systems,\" vol. 50, pp. 1172-1179, 2009. "]
[34,"M. Nakhamkin, M. Chiruvolu and C. Daniel, \"Available Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) Plant Concepts. Available on http://www.espcinc.com/library/PowerGen_2007_paper.pdf. Accessed February 2017,\" ESPC and Towngas International Company, 2007."]
[35,"J. Simmons, \"Study of Compressed Air Energy Storage with Grid and Photovoltaic Energy Generation,\" The Arizona Research Institute for Solar Energy (AzRISE) - APS Final Draft Report., University of Arizona, 2010."]

{"sheet":"162 Flywheels","index":7,"n_rows":94,"n_cols":12,"rows_kept":94,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[8,2,8,5],[9,2,9,5],[23,1,23,11],[23,12,23,13],[4,3,4,11],[5,1,6,1],[5,2,6,2],[5,3,6,3],[5,4,6,4],[5,5,6,5],[5,6,6,7],[5,8,5,9],[6,8,6,9],[5,10,6,10],[5,11,6,11],[29,11,30,11],[29,12,30,12],[29,13,30,13],[5,12,6,12],[5,13,6,13],[35,1,35,11],[35,12,35,13],[36,12,40,12],[40,10,41,10],[24,12,25,12],[27,1,27,11],[27,12,27,13],[29,1,30,1],[29,3,30,3],[29,4,30,4],[29,5,30,5],[29,6,30,6],[29,7,30,7],[29,8,30,8],[29,9,30,9],[29,10,30,10]]}
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Back to Index"]
[]
[null,"162 Flywheels"]
[]
[null,"Technology",null,"Flywheels"]
[null,null,2018,2020,2030,2050,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty",null,"Note","Ref"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,-2050]
[null,"Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper "]
[null,"Form of energy stored","Electro-mechanical energy"]
[null,"Application","Short and medium term grid services"]
[null,"Energy storage capacity for one unit (MWh)",0.1,0.1,0.1,0.1,0.1,0.1,0.1,0.15,"A, F, M"]
[null,"Output capacity for one unit (MW)*",1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1.5,"A, F, M"]
[null,"Input capacity for one unit (MW)*",1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1.5,"A, F, M"]
[null,"Round trip efficiency (%)",98,98,98,98,98,99,98,99,"G, M"]
[null," - Charge efficiency (%)",99,99,99,99,99,99.5,99,99.5,"G, M"]
[null," - Discharge efficiency (%)",99,99,99,99,99,99.5,99,99.5,"G, M"]
[null,"Energy losses during storage (%/day)",5,3,1,1,2,5,0.5,1.5,"H","[16]"]
[null,"Auxiliary electricity consumption (% of output)",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"C"]
[null,"Forced outage (%)",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"[17]"]
[null,"Planned outage (weeks per year)",0]
[null,"Technical lifetime (years)",20,20,25,25,20,25,20,25,"B, M","[17]"]
[null,"Construction time (years)",0.5,0.25,0.25,0.25,0.25,0.25,0.25,0.25,"A, M"]
[]
[null,"Regulation ability"]
[null,"Response time from idle to full-rated discharge (sec)",3.0000000000000001E-3,3.0000000000000001E-3,3.0000000000000001E-3,3.0000000000000001E-3,3.0000000000000001E-3,3.0000000000000001E-3,3.0000000000000001E-3,3.0000000000000001E-3,"D, M"]
[null,"Response time from full-rated charge to full-rated  discharge (sec)",3.0000000000000001E-3,3.0000000000000001E-3,3.0000000000000001E-3,3.0000000000000001E-3,3.0000000000000001E-3,3.0000000000000001E-3,3.0000000000000001E-3,3.0000000000000001E-3,"D, M"]
[]
[null,"Financial data"]
[null,"Specific investment (M€2015 per MWh)",1,0.33500000000000002,0.33500000000000002,0.33500000000000002,0.3,0.36,0.3,0.36,"E, J, L","[18]"]
[null,"-   energy component (M€2015 per MWh)",1,0.33,0.33,0.33,0.3,0.36,0.3,0.36,"D"]
[null,null,0]
[null,"- capacity component (M€2015 per MW)",0.1,0.1,0.1,0.1,0.1,0.1,0.09,0.1,"D"]
[null,"Fixed O&M (€2015/MW/year)",750,750,750,750,750,750,750,750,"D, M"]
[null,"Variable O&M (€2015/MWh)",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"I","[7]"]
[]
[null,"Technology specific data                                 "]
[null,"Specific investment (M€2015/MW)",0.16400000000000001,0.14499999999999999,0.13600000000000001,0.13100000000000001,0.14000000000000001,0.15,0.13,0.14000000000000001,"A","[18]"]
[null,"Specific energy (Wh/kg)",115,350,350,350,300,400,350,400,"A"]
[null,"Specific energy (Wh/l)",500,1500,1500,1500,1300,2000,1300,2000,"A"]
[null,"Cycle life",106,106,106,106,106,107,106,107,"A"]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,"Notes"]
[null,"A.    Data informed by WattsUp Power February 2018"]
[null,"B.    +25 years on mechanics. 15 years on electronics. Informed by WattsUp Power March 2017"]
[null,"C.   150 W during upstart procedure for 7 min informed by WattsUp Power. After upstart auxiliary power is included in round trip efficiency"]
[null,"D.   Informed by WattsUp Power February 2018"]
[null,"E.    Confer also Table 2"]
[null,"F.    Please note that the mentioned 1 MW is standard size of one unit that can be assembled to larger entities functioning as “larger units” (somewhat similar to the case of cells in batteries). The displayed financial data is for a 2 MW plant. Flywheels can be connected and provide 20 MW regulation power and several MWh of storage capacity (this size is in commercial operation cf. Figure 5 above). Higher capacities can be obtained and the price per unit decreases when several units are purchased."]
[null,"G.   Informed by WattsUp Power February 2018"]
[null,"H.   Loss per day measured by WattsUp Power. The projected losses towards 2050 is justified by results already now obtained by NASA"]
[null,"I.      The variable costs of flywheels are not directly related to the power put in and out. The data is based on storing (and discharging) 33 MWh per day in 350 days per year. Data from WattsUp Power."]
[null,"J.    Displayed price information is based on recent WattsUp Power sales prices for two units (each 1 MW, 100 kWh). Price for one unit of 1 MW and 100 kWh is approx. 0.1 mill EUR. If several units are purchased unit price may be lower than by purchase of two units."]
[null,"K.    Based on plans for increasing rotational speed by a factor 3 (WattsUp Power)"]
[null,"L.    The non-flywheel costs depend on the use of the flywheel. Demanding use patterns may increase non-flywheel costs from the 5 kEUR (as included here) to 75 kEUR per MWh"]
[null,"M.   Future uncertainties based on author´s best assessment"]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,"References"]
[null,"[1]    \"http://www.elp.com/articles/2016/01/amber-kinetics-signs-flywheel-energy-storage-contract-with-pg-e.html,\" 2016. [Online]. [Accessed March 2017]."]
[null,"[2]    e. a. I. Gyuk, \"Grid Energy Storage,\" US Department of Energy, 2013."]
[null,"[3]    S.-i. Inage, \"Prospects of Electricity Storage in Decarbonised Power Grids, IEA Working Paper Series,\" OECD/IEA, 2009."]
[null,"[4]    \"Toshiba Leading Innovation,\" Toshiba. [Online]. [Accessed March 2017]."]
[null,"[5]    \"Fact sheet. Frequency Regulation and Flywheels,\" Beacon Power, 2010. Archived March 2017. Available on https://web.archive.org/web/20100331042630/http://www.beaconpower.com/files/Flywheel_FR-Fact-Sheet.pdf."]
[null,"[6]    \"http://beaconpower.com,\" Beacon Power. [Online]. [Accessed March 2017]."]
[null,"[7]    B. Z. a. S. Syri, \"Electrical Energy Storage Systems: A comparative life cycle cost analysis,\" Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 42, pp. 569-596, 2015. "]
[null,"[8]    I. P. ,. E. S. Gyuk, \"EPRI-DOE Handbook of Energy Storage for Transmission & Distribution Applications 1001834,\" US Department of Energy, Washington, 2003."]
[null,"[9]    \"timesunion,\" Times Union, 2011. [Online]. [Accessed March 2017]."]
[null,"[10] \"Joint EASE/EERA recommendations for a European Energy Storage Technology Development Roadmap towards 2030,\" EASE and EERA, Brussels, 2013."]
[null,"[11] \"Technology Roadmap, Energy Storage,\" International Energy Agency, Paris, 2013."]
[null,"[12] N. K. Kohli, \"Short-Term backup power through flywheel energy storage system. Available on https://www.slideshare.net/Drnavinkumarkohli/ppt-fly-wheel-navin-kohli (Accessed March 2017),\" 2012."]
[null,"[13] S. o. A. E. I. SAE, \"https://global.ihs.com/doc_detail.cfm?rid=GS&&item_s_key=00138611,\" IHS Markit, 2013. [Online]. [Accessed March 2017]."]
[null,"[14] \"Electrical Energy Storage,\" International Electrotechnical Commission, Geneva, Switzerland, 2011."]
[null,"[15] 2. Private communication with WattsUp Power. "]
[null,"[16] W. Torell, \"Lifecycle C arbon Footprint Analysis of Batteries vs. Flywheels, White Paper 209,\" Schneider Electric, 2015."]
[null,"[17] W. V. H. Susan M. Schoenung, \"Long- vs. Short-Term Energy Storage Technologies Analysis. A Life-Cycle Cost Study,\" Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185 and Livermore, California 94550, 2003."]
[null,"[18] \"Lazard´s levelized cost of storage - Version 2.0,\" Lazard, 2016."]
[null,"[19] e. a. P. Tayler, \"Pathways for Energy Storage in the UK, Report 007,\" The Centre for Low Carbon Futures, March 2012."]
[null,"[20] \"https://www.calnetix.com/resource/flywheels/advantages-flywheels,\" Calnetix. [Online]. [Accessed March 2017]."]
[null,"[21] \"http://www.climatetechwiki.org/technology/jiqweb-es-fw,\" [Online]. "]
[null,"[22] P. N. N. L. Daryl Brown, \"Federal Technology Alert. DOE/EE-0286,\" Federal Energy Management Program, 2003."]
[null,"[23] \"InflationData.com,\" InflationData, 2017. [Online]. [Accessed 2017]."]
[null,"[24] \"Materials Roadmap Enabling Low Carbon Energy Technologies, Commission Staff Working Paper,\" European Commission, Brussels, 2011."]
[null,"[25] \"energy.gov,\" 2010. [Online]. [Accessed March 2017]."]
[null,"[26] \"Scientific American,\" Scientific American, 2011. [Online]. [Accessed March 2017]."]
[null,"[27] e. a. M. Hedlund, \"Flywheel Energy Storage for Automotive Applications,\" Energies, vol. 8, pp. 10636-10663, 2015. "]
[null,"[28] 2009. [Online]. [Accessed March 2017]."]
[null,"[29] Memoori, Smart Building Resesearch, 2017. [Online]. [Accessed MArch 2017]."]

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[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Back to Index"]
[]
[null,"180 Lithium ion battery"]
[]
[null,"Technology",null,null,null,"Lithium-ion NMC battery (Utility-scale, Samsung SDI E3-R135)"]
[null,null,2015,2020,null,2030,null,null,null,2050,null,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,null,null,"Uncertainty",null,null,null,"Note",null,"Ref"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2040,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2050]
[null,"Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Lower",null,"Upper",null,"Lower",null,"Upper"]
[null,"Form of energy stored",null,"Electricity"]
[null,"Application",null,"System, power- and energy-intensive"]
[null,"Energy storage capacity for one unit (MWh)",3.2,6,null,7,null,8,null,8,null,5,null,9,null,7,null,12,null,"A",null,"[2,14]"]
[null,"Output capacity for one unit (MW)",9.6,18,null,21,null,24,null,24,null,16,null,21,null,22,null,28,null,"A,B",null,"[2,14]"]
[null,"Input capacity for one unit (MW)",1.6,3,null,3.5,null,4,null,4,null,2.7,null,3.5,null,3.7,null,4.7,null,"A,B",null,"[2,14]"]
[null,"Round trip efficiency (%) AC",91,91,null,92,null,92,null,92,null,90,null,92,null,91,null,94,null,"C",null,"[3,21,22,51]"]
[null,"Round trip efficiency (%) DC",95,95,null,96,null,96,null,96,null,95,null,96,null,95,null,97,null,"C",null,"[3,21,22,51]"]
[null,"- Charge efficiency (%)","98",98,null,98.5,null,98.5,null,98.5,null,98,null,98.5,null,98,null,99,null,"D",null,"[2]"]
[null,"- Discharge efficiency (%)","97",97,null,97.5,null,97.5,null,97.5,null,97,null,98,null,97,null,98,null,"D",null,"[2]"]
[null,"Energy losses during storage (%/day)",0.1,0.1,null,0.1,null,0.1,null,0.1,null,0.05,null,0.2,null,0.05,null,0.15,null,"E",null,"[18,50,52]"]
[null,"Forced outage (%)",0.4,0.38,null,0.35,null,0.3,null,0.25,null,0.2,null,0.5,null,0.1,null,0.3,null,"F"]
[null,"Planned outage (weeks per year)",0.2,0.2,null,0.1,null,0.1,null,0.1,null,0.1,null,0.25,null,0.05,null,0.2,null,"F"]
[null,"Technical lifetime (years)",15,20,null,25,null,30,null,30,null,15,null,25,null,20,null,45,null,"G",null,"[3,5,8,14]"]
[null,"Construction time (years)",0.25,0.2,null,0.2,null,0.2,null,0.2,null,0.2,null,0.25,null,0.1,null,0.25,null,null,null,"[38]"]
[]
[null,"Regulation ability"]
[null,"Response time from idle to full-rated discharge (sec)","<0.08","<0.08",null,"<0.08",null,"<0.08",null,"<0.08",null,"<0.08",null,"<0.08",null,"<0.08",null,"<0.08",null,"H",null,"[53]"]
[null,"Response time from full-rated charge to full-rated discharge (sec)","<0.08","<0.08",null,"<0.08",null,"<0.08",null,"<0.08",null,"<0.08",null,"<0.08",null,"<0.08",null,"<0.08",null,"H",null,"[53]"]
[]
[null,"Financial data"]
[null,"Specific investment (M€2015 per MWh)",0.70799999999999996,0.432,null,0.30199999999999999,null,0.19400000000000001,null,0.13500000000000001,null,0.32,null,0.55400000000000005,null,6.6000000000000003E-2,null,0.30499999999999999,null,"I",null,"[44,48]"]
[null,"- energy component (M€/MWh)","0.308",0.13200000000000001,null,6.2E-2,null,4.3999999999999997E-2,null,3.5000000000000003E-2,null,7.0000000000000007E-2,null,0.189,null,2.5999999999999999E-2,null,0.115,null,"J",null,"[44]"]
[null,"- capacity component (M€/MW) PCS","0.29",0.27,null,0.16,null,0.1,null,0.06,null,0.24,null,0.51,null,0.04,null,0.25,null,"K",null,"[54–56]"]
[null,"- other project costs (M€/MWh)","0.11",0.1,null,0.08,null,0.05,null,0.04,null,0.09,null,0.11,null,0.02,null,0.11,null,"L",null,"[22,40,54]"]
[null,"Fixed O&M (k€2015/MW/year)",0.54,0.54,null,0.54,null,0.54,null,0.54,null,0.45,null,0.54,null,0.4,null,0.54,null,"M",null,"[22]"]
[null,"Variable O&M (€2015/MWh)",2.1,2,null,1.8,null,1.7,null,1.6,null,0.4,null,5.6,null,0.3,null,2.5,null,"N",null,"[55]"]
[null,"Technology specific data"]
[null,"Energy storage expansion cost (M€2015/MWh)",0.41799999999999998,0.23200000000000001,null,0.14199999999999999,null,9.4E-2,null,7.4999999999999997E-2,null,0.16,null,0.25900000000000001,null,4.5999999999999999E-2,null,0.17599999999999999,null,"O",null,"[44,48]"]
[null,"Output capacity expansion cost (M€2015/MW)",0.28999999999999998,0.27,null,0.16,null,0.1,null,0.06,null,0.24,null,0.51,null,0.04,null,0.25,null,"P",null,"[54–56]"]
[null,"Alternative Investment cost (M€2015/MW)",0.39,0.33,null,0.2,null,0.12,null,0.08,null,0.28000000000000003,null,0.57999999999999996,null,0.05,null,0.31,null,"Q",null,"[41,44,48,54–56]"]
[null,"Lifetime in total number of cycles",6000,14000,null,30000,null,40000,null,50000,null,10000,null,16000,null,20000,null,70000,null,"R",null,"[3–5,14]"]
[null,"Specific power (W/kg)",569,700,null,900,null,1000,null,1200,null,600,null,900,null,1000,null,2000,null,"S",null,"[2,24]"]
[null,"Power density (kW/m3)",708,800,null,1000,null,1200,null,1400,null,750,null,900,null,1200,null,2000,null,"S",null,"[2,24]"]
[null,"Specific energy (Wh/kg)",95,105,null,139,null,174,null,209,null,100,null,140,null,150,null,300,null,"S",null,"[2,24]"]
[null,"Energy density (kWh/m3)",118,130,null,173,null,216,null,260,null,150,null,200,null,200,null,400,null,"S",null,"[2,24]"]
[null,"** 1 € = 1.14 US$"]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,"Data Sheet Notes:"]
[null,"A.  One unit defined as a 40 feet container including LIB system and excluding power conversion system. Values for 2015-2030 are taken from Samsung SDI brochures for grid-connected LIBs from 2016 and 2018 [2,14]. This unit of 3.2MWh/9.6MW (3C) is a typical size grid scale battery. The Specific investment cost under financial data is provided for a 1MWh : 1MW (1C) battery. Cost examples of a 2MWh/8MW and a 16MWh/4MW battery are given in the section below. "]
[null,"B.   Power input/output are set to 0.5/3 times the energy capacity as it is the standard grid-connected LIBs designed for power purposes [2,14]. It is noted that the power capacity is strongly dependent on the battery type and chemistry. "]
[null,"C.   The gradual change towards lower C-rates following the transition from frequency regulation to renewable integration promotes lower C-rates. Therefore the average DC roundtrip efficiency is expected to increase slightly. The RT eff. vs. C-rate is exemplified in Figure 7 [3,51]. The AC roundtrip efficiency includes losses in the power electronics and is 2-4% lower than the DC roundtrip efficiency. The total roundtrip efficiency further includes standby losses making the total roundtrip efficiency typically ranging between 80% and 90% [21,22]."]
[null,"D.  The C-rate is 0.5 during charge and up to 6 during discharge for the Samsung SDI batteries [2,14]. The presented conversion efficiencies assume average discharge C-rates in 2015-2020 around 3 and charge C-rates around 0.5. "]
[null,"E.   Lithium-ion battery daily discharge loss. The central estimates for self-discharge of Li-ion batteries range between 0.05% and 0.20% a day in 2016 and are expected to stay flat to 2030."]
[null,"F.    It is expected not to have any outage during lifetime of the grid-connected LIB. Only a few days during the e.g. 15 years life time is needed for service and exchanging fans and blowers for thermal management system and power conversion system. Forced outage is expected to drop with increasing robustness following the learning rate and cumulated production. Planned outage is expected to decrease after 2020 due to increased automation. "]
[null,"G.  Current state-of-the-art NMC LIB has 20 years lifetime. The NMC lifetime is expected to reach LTO lifetime by 2020 and 30 years lifetime for grid-connected LIBs in 2040 and 2050 as photovoltaic power systems have today [3,5,8,14]. "]
[null,"H.  The response time is obtained from simulated response time experiments with hardware in the loop [53]. "]
[null,"I.     The system specific forecasts includes rack, TMS, BMS, EMS and PCS (Figure 5). The forecast is calculated as the sum of the PCS, the battery cell, and other costs. The system specific forecast is exclusive power cables to the site and entrepreneur work for installation of the containers [44,48]. The specific investment cost is the total cost of a 1MWh : 1MW (1C) battery. Cost examples of a 2MWh/8MW and a 16MWh/4MW battery are given in the section below.   "]
[null,"J.     The battery pack cost forecast is provided in Figure 8 and the related text [44]."]
[null,"K.  Power conversion cost is strongly dependent on scalability and application. The PCS cost is based on references [54–56] and reflects the necessity for high power performance and compliance to grid codes to provide ancillary services, bidirectional electricity flow and two-stage conversion, as well as the early stage of development and the fact that few manufacturers can guarantee turnkey systems. Inverter replacement is expected every 10 years. The bidirectional inverter given here has more or less the same charge and discharge capacity (MW). "]
[null,"L.   Other costs include construction costs and entrepreneur work. These costs heavily dependent on location, substrate and site access. Power cables to the site and entrepreneur work for installation of the containers are included in other costs. Therefore other costs are assumed to – roughly – correlate with the system size. Automation is expected to decrease other costs from 2030 and onwards. Estimates are aggregated from the literature [22,40,54]."]
[null,"M. Fixed O&M is assumed to be constant, although the O&M may depend on the application [22]."]
[null,"N.  Variable O&M is assumed to be 2.1 €/MWh in 2015 with a range of 0.4 – 5.6 [55]. "]
[null,"O.  Since multi-MWh LIB systems are scalar, the energy storage expansion cost is here estimated to be equal to the energy component plus the “other costs” [44,48]."]
[null,"P.    Since multi-MW LIB systems are scalar, the capacity expansion cost equals the capacity component cost [54–56]."]
[null,"Q.  The alternative investment cost in M€2015/MW is specified for a 4C, 0.25 h system as for the Laurel Mountain, West Virginia, USA grid-scale LIB storage system [41]. I.e. the alternative investment cost is 25% of the energy storage expansion cost plus the PCS cost [41,44,48,54–56]."]
[null,"R.   Cycle life specified as the number of cycles at 1C/1C to 80% state-of-health. Samsung SDI 2016 whitepaper on ESS solutions provide 15 year lifetime for current modules operating at C/2 to 3C [14]. Steady improvement in battery lifetime due to better materials and battery management is expected. Kokam ESS solutions are also rated at more than 8000-20000 cycles (80-90% DOD) based on chemistry [3]. Thus for daily full charge-discharge cycles, the batteries are designed to last for 15-50 years if supporting units are well functioning. Lifetimes are given for both graphite and LTO anode based commercial batteries from Kokam. Cycle lives are steadily increasing over last few years as reflected in 2020/2030 numbers [4,5,14]. "]
[null,"S.    Specific power, power density, Specific energy and energy density is provided for discharge mode, starting with the values provided in the section “Typical characteristics and capacities”. A charge/discharge conversion factor of 12 can be derived from this section. The expected development depends on the successive R&D progress as indicated in the section “Research and development perspectives” [2,24].  "]
[]
[]
[null,"References"]
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[null,"[30]","Bloomberg. We’re Going to Need More Lithium, (2017). https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2017-lithium-battery-future/"]
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[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Back to Index"]
[null,"181 Vanadium Redox Flow Battery"]
[]
[null,"Technology",null,"Vanadium Redox Battery (VRB)"]
[null,null,2015,2020,2030,2050,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty",null,"Note","Ref"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"(2050)"]
[null,"Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper "]
[null,"Form of energy stored","Electricity"]
[]
[null,"Application","System, power- and energy-intensive"]
[]
[null,"Energy storage capacity for one unit (MWh)",2,2,2,2,0.4,800,0.4,800,"A,M","[4]+[9]"]
[null,"Output capacity for one unit (MW)",0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,0.1,200,0.1,200,"A,M","[4]"]
[null,"Input capacity for one unit (MW)",0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,0.1,200,0.1,200,"A,M","[4]"]
[null,"Round trip efficiency - DC (%)",78,78,78,78,62,88,67,95,"B","[5];[22]"]
[null," - Charge efficiency (%)","-","-","-","-","-","-","-","-"]
[null," - Discharge efficiency (%)","-","-","-","-","-","-","-","-"]
[null,"Energy losses during storage (%/day)",0,0,0,0,0,0.2,0,0.2,"C","[4];[22]"]
[null,"Forced outage (%)",0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,0,5,0,5,"D,M","[1]"]
[null,"Planned outage (weeks per year)",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,"D,M","[1]"]
[null,"Technical lifetime (years)",20,20,20,20,6,23,8,32,null,"[4];[28]+[22]"]
[null,"Construction time (years)",1,1,1,1,0.2,2,0.2,2,"E,M","[9]"]
[]
[null,"Regulation ability"]
[]
[null,"Response time from idle to full-rated discharge (sec)",0.1,0.1,0.1,0.1,5.0000000000000001E-3," 2"," 0.005",2,"F,G","[4]+[30]"]
[null,"Response time from full-rated charge to full-rated discharge (sec)",7.0000000000000007E-2,7.0000000000000007E-2,7.0000000000000007E-2,7.0000000000000007E-2,4.0000000000000001E-3,1.4,4.0000000000000001E-3,1.4,"F,G,M","[1]"]
[]
[null,"Financial data                                 "]
[null,"Specific investment (M€2015 per MWh)",0.75,0.6,0.35,0.33,0.53,1.1499999999999999,0.3,0.57999999999999996,"H","[22]+[27]/[19]"]
[null," - energy component (M€/MWh)",0.57999999999999996,0.45,0.24,0.22,0.38,0.94,0.19,0.44,"H, I","[22]+[27]"]
[null," - capacity component (M€/MW) ",0.45,0.41,0.33,0.33,0.43,0.48,0.35,0.39,"H","[22]+[25]+[27]/[19]"]
[null," - other project costs (M€/MWh)",0.06,0.05,0.03,0.03,0.04,0.09,0.02,0.05,"J","[19]"]
[null,"Fixed O&M (% total investment)",2,2,1.5,1.5,0.8,4.0999999999999996,0.6,3.1,null,"[24]+[25]/[2] "]
[null,"Variable O&M (€2015/MWh)",0.9,0.9,0.9,0.9,0.2,2.8,0.2,2.8,null,"[25]/[2]"]
[]
[null,"Technology specific data                                 "]
[null,"Alternative Investment cost (M€2015/MW)",3,2.4,1.4,1.3,2.1,4.5999999999999996,1.2,2.2999999999999998,"H","[22]+[31]+[27]/[19]"]
[null,"Lifetime in total number of cycles","-|-","-|-","-|-","-|-","-|-","-|-","-|-","-|-","K","[1]"]
[]
[null,"Specific power (W/kg)",2.9,2.9,2.9,2.9,1.45,3.63,1.45,3.63,"A,L,M","[4]"]
[null,"Power density (W/m3)",2260,2260,2260,2260,1130,2825,1130,2825,"A,L,M","[4]"]
[null,"Specific energy (Wh/kg)",11.8,11.8,11.8,11.8,5.9,14.75,5.9,14.75,"A,L,M","[4]"]
[null,"Energy density (Wh/m3)",9040,9040,9040,9040,4520,11300,4520,11300,"A,L,M","[4]"]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,"Notes:"]
[]
[null,"A","One Uni.System unit from UniEnergy Technologies. Installation sizes vary from tens of kW to hundreds of MW. "]
[]
[null,"B","Efficiency varies depending on use."]
[null,"C","Energy losses depend on idle situation. If pumps are off and electrolyte not present in the reaction stack no energy loss occurs. This increases response time (see above). Self-discharge only occurs for electrolyte inside the reaction stack. This is a relatively small volume and the self-discharge will be at most 2 % over time for typical installations. Losses related to stand-by energy consumption of pumps are not included.  "]
[null,"D","Some companies guarantee at least 99.5% uptime."]
[null,"E","Depends highly on the installation. "]
[null,"F","Time is less than 100 ms for idle situation with electrolyte in reaction stack and pumps on [4]. Less the 1 s if electrolyte must first be pumped [5]. Less than 1 min if pumps are not on [5]. PCS might be limiting the response time."]
[null,"G","Might in practice be limited by PCS. "]
[null,"H","Valid for installations with rated discharge times of 4 hours. Use equation in “Prediction of performance and cost” above to calculate for installations with a different rated discharge time. "]
[null,"I","Composed of both electrolyte etc. at 347 €/kWh and stack at 1313 €/kW [22]."]
[null,"J","Value for utility T&D installations with discharge time of 4 hours used."]
[null,"K","Manufactures state unlimited number of cycles during technical lifetime [4], [5]."]
[null,"L","Varies with capacity to storage ratio. Is significantly lower for some manufactures. "]
[null,"M","Uncertainties are based on a qualified guess."]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,"References"]
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[null,"[3]","M. Skyllas-Kazacos, “SECONDARY BATTERIES – FLOW SYSTEMS | Vanadium Redox-Flow Batteries,” in Encyclopedia of Electrochemical Power Sources, 2009, pp. 444–453."]
[null,"[4]","UniEnergy Technologies, “Uni.System product data,” 2016."]
[null,"[5]","Vionx Energy, “VNX 1000 SERIES Product data,” 2017."]
[null,"[6]","UniEnergy Technologies, Product material: Maximizing Value Thorugh UET Energy Storage. 2015."]
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[null,"[8]","Sumitomo Electric Group, REDOX FLOW BATTERY: Product material. 2016."]
[null,"[9]","“DOE Global Energy Storage Database.” [Online]. Available: https://www.energystorageexchange.org/. [Accessed: 29-Mar-2017]."]
[null,"[10]","Sumitomo Electric Group, “Container Type Redox Flow Battery System,” 2017."]
[null,"[11]","IEC, “Electrical Energy Storage,” 2011."]
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[null,"[14]","T. Biesheuvel and M. Burton, “It’s Boom Time for Vanadium, Ruthenium and Cobalt - Bloomberg,” Bloomberg Markets, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-08-23/obscure-metal-used-to-fight-crusaders-has-surged-67-in-a-month. [Accessed: 06-Dec-2017]."]
[null,"[15]","C. K. Charlotte Radford, Anna Xu, “GLOBAL VANADIUM WRAP: Prices rise across the board amid tight supply of V2O5 | Metal Bulletin.com,” 2017. [Online]. Available: https://www.metalbulletin.com/Article/3768052/GLOBAL-VANADIUM-WRAP-Prices-rise-across-the-board-amid-tight-supply-of-V2O5.html. [Accessed: 18-Dec-2017]."]
[null,"[16]","M. Moore, R. Counce, J. Watson, and T. Zawodzinski, “A Comparison of the Capital Costs of a Vanadium Redox-Flow Battery and a Regenerative Hydrogen-Vanadium Fuel Cell,” J. Adv. Chem. Eng., vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 5–7, 2015."]
[null,"[17]","M. C. S. U.S. Geological Survey, “VANADIUM (Data in metric tons of vanadium content unless otherwise noted),” 2014."]
[null,"[18]","O. Schmidt, A. Hawkes, A. Gambhir, and I. Staffell, “The future cost of electrical energy storage based on experience rates,” Nat. Energy, vol. 2, no. 8, p. 17110, Jul. 2017."]
[null,"[19]","G. Huff et al., “DOE/EPRI 2013 electricity storage handbook in collaboration with NRECA,” Rep. SAND2013- …, no. July, p. 340, 2013."]
[null,"[20]","L. Baumann and E. Boggasch, “Experimental assessment of hydrogen systems and vanadium-redox-flow-batteries for increasing the self-consumption of photovoltaic energy in buildings,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 740–751, 2016."]
[null,"[21]","O. Teller et al., “Joint EASE/EERA Recommendations for a European Energy Storage Technology Development Roadmap Towards 2030,” 2013."]
[null,"[22]","IRENA, “Electricity storage and renewables: Costs and markets to 2030 - Cost-of-service tool. Version 1.0,” 2017."]
[null,"[23]","G. Kear, A. A. Shah, and F. C. Walsh, “Development of the all-vanadium redox flow battery for energy storage: a review of technological, financial and policy aspects,” Int. J. Energy Res., vol. 36, no. 11, pp. 1105–1120, Sep. 2012."]
[null,"[24]","J. E. Al Carlsson, “ETRI 2014 - Energy Technology Reference Indicator projections for 2010-2050,” 2014."]
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[null,"[26]","M. Skyllas-Kazacos and J. F. McCann, “Chapter 10 – Vanadium redox flow batteries (VRBs) for medium- and large-scale energy storage,” in Advances in Batteries for Medium and Large-Scale Energy Storage, 2015, pp. 329–386."]
[null,"[27]","K.-P. Kairies, “Battery storage technology improvements and cost reductions to 2030: A Deep Dive,” Int. Renew. Energy Agency Work., 2017."]
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[null,"[29]","R. Benato, G. Bruno, F. Palone, R. Polito, and M. Rebolini, “Large-Scale Electrochemical Energy Storage in High Voltage Grids: Overview of the Italian Experience,” Energies, vol. 10, no. 1, p. 108, Jan. 2017."]
[null,"[30]","L. Sigrist and E. Peirano, “E-Highway2050: Battery Storage Technology Assessment,” in WP3 workshop April 15th, 2014."]
[null,"[31]","I. Renewable Energy Agency, “IRENA-IEA-ETSAP Technology Brief 5: Electricity Storage,” 2012."]

{"sheet":"182 Na-S Battery","index":10,"n_rows":110,"n_cols":12,"rows_kept":110,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[2,3,2,11],[2,12,2,13],[2,14,2,24],[6,10,7,10],[6,11,7,11],[6,12,7,13],[6,14,7,24],[3,1,4,1],[3,2,4,2],[3,3,4,3],[3,4,4,4],[3,5,4,5],[3,6,4,7],[3,8,3,9],[4,8,4,9],[3,10,4,10],[6,1,7,1],[6,2,7,5],[6,6,7,6],[6,7,7,7],[6,8,7,8],[6,9,7,9],[3,11,4,11],[3,12,4,13],[3,14,4,24],[5,12,5,13],[5,14,5,24],[8,10,9,10],[8,11,9,11],[8,12,9,13],[8,14,9,24],[10,1,11,1],[10,2,11,2],[10,3,11,3],[10,4,11,4],[10,5,11,5],[10,6,11,6],[10,14,11,24],[10,7,11,7],[10,8,11,8],[10,9,11,9],[10,10,11,10],[10,11,11,11],[10,12,11,13],[8,1,9,1],[8,2,9,5],[8,6,9,6],[8,7,9,7],[8,8,9,8],[8,9,9,9],[12,10,13,10],[12,11,13,11],[12,12,13,13],[12,14,13,24],[14,1,15,1],[14,2,15,2],[14,3,15,3],[14,4,15,4],[14,5,15,5],[14,6,15,6],[14,14,15,24],[12,1,13,1],[12,2,13,2],[12,3,13,3],[12,4,13,4],[12,5,13,5],[12,6,13,6],[12,7,13,7],[12,8,13,8],[12,9,13,9],[16,12,16,13],[16,14,16,24],[17,12,17,13],[17,14,17,24],[18,12,18,13],[18,14,18,24],[14,7,15,7],[14,8,15,8],[14,9,15,9],[14,10,15,10],[14,11,15,11],[14,12,15,13],[22,12,22,13],[22,14,22,24],[23,12,23,13],[23,14,23,24],[24,12,24,13],[24,14,24,24],[19,12,19,13],[19,14,19,24],[20,12,20,13],[20,14,20,24],[21,12,21,13],[21,14,21,24],[29,13,29,24],[30,1,30,11],[30,12,30,14],[30,15,30,24],[31,12,31,13],[31,14,31,24],[25,1,26,11],[25,12,26,14],[25,15,26,24],[27,12,28,12],[27,13,27,24],[28,13,28,24],[35,12,35,13],[35,14,35,24],[36,12,36,13],[36,14,36,24],[37,12,37,13],[37,14,37,24],[32,12,32,13],[32,14,32,24],[33,12,33,13],[33,14,33,24],[34,12,34,13],[34,14,34,24],[40,6,41,6],[40,7,41,7],[40,8,41,8],[40,9,41,9],[40,10,41,10],[40,11,41,11],[38,1,38,11],[38,12,38,14],[38,15,38,24],[39,12,39,13],[39,14,39,24],[40,1,41,1],[40,2,41,2],[40,3,41,3],[40,4,41,4],[40,5,41,5],[43,12,43,13],[43,14,43,15],[44,12,44,13],[44,14,44,15],[40,20,41,20],[40,21,41,21],[40,22,41,22],[40,23,41,23],[40,24,41,24],[42,12,42,13],[42,14,42,15],[40,12,41,13],[40,14,41,15],[40,16,41,16],[40,17,41,17],[40,18,41,18],[40,19,41,19],[45,22,50,22],[45,23,50,23],[45,24,50,24],[54,1,55,2],[54,3,55,3],[54,4,55,4],[54,5,55,5],[54,6,55,6],[54,7,55,7],[54,8,55,8],[45,16,50,16],[45,17,50,17],[45,18,50,18],[45,19,50,19],[45,20,50,20],[45,21,50,21],[45,14,50,15],[59,2,59,12],[60,2,60,12],[61,1,62,1],[61,2,62,12],[61,13,62,13],[61,14,62,14],[54,21,55,21],[54,22,55,22],[54,23,55,23],[56,2,56,12],[57,2,57,12],[58,2,58,12],[54,15,55,15],[54,16,55,16],[54,17,55,17],[54,18,55,18],[54,19,55,19],[54,20,55,20],[54,9,55,9],[54,10,55,10],[54,11,55,11],[54,12,55,12],[54,13,55,13],[54,14,55,14],[61,22,62,22],[61,23,62,23],[63,2,63,12],[64,2,64,12],[65,2,65,12],[61,15,62,15],[61,16,62,16],[61,17,62,17],[61,18,62,18],[61,19,62,19],[61,20,62,20],[72,2,72,12],[73,2,73,12],[66,2,66,12],[67,2,67,12],[68,2,68,12],[69,2,69,12],[70,2,70,12],[71,2,71,12],[61,21,62,21]]}
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Back to Index"]
[null,"182 Na-S battery"]
[null,"Technology",null,"NaS battery"]
[null,null,2015,2020,2030,2050,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty",null,"Note","Ref"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"2050"]
[null,"Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper "]
[null,"Form of energy stored","Electricity"]
[]
[null,"Application","System, power- and energy-intensive"]
[]
[null,"Energy storage capacity for one unit (MWh)",250,300,300,300,30,3000,30,3000,"A B,Q","[9]"]
[]
[null,"Output capacity for one unit (MW)",35,50,50,50,5,500,5,500,"A,B,Q","[9]"]
[]
[null,"Input capacity for one unit (MW)",35,50,50,50,5,500,5,500,"A,B,Q","[9]"]
[]
[null,"Round trip efficiency - DC (%)",83,83,85,85,71,92,74,96,"C","[9];[26]"]
[null," - Charge efficiency (%)","-","-","-","-","-","-","-","-"]
[null," - Discharge efficiency (%)","-","-","-","-","-","-","-","-"]
[null,"Energy losses during storage (%/day)",0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,"D,Q","[11]/[30]/[26]"]
[null,"Forced outage (%)",0,0,0,0,0,2,0,2,"E,Q","[13]"]
[null,"Planned outage (weeks per year)",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,"F,Q","[13]"]
[null,"Technical lifetime (years)",15,19,24,24,10,28,14,36,"G","[13];[25]+[27]"]
[null,"Construction time (years)",0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,0.2,2,0.2,2,"Q","[1]"]
[]
[null,"Regulation ability"]
[]
[null,"Response time from idle to full-rated discharge (sec)",1E-3,1E-3,1E-3,1E-3,1E-3," 0.02"," 0.001"," 0.02","H","[10]+[28]"]
[null,"Response time from full-rated charge to full-rated discharge (sec)",0.05,0.05,0.05,0.05,1E-3,0.05,1E-3,0.05,"H,I,Q","[9]"]
[]
[null,"Financial data                                 "]
[null,"Specific investment (M€2015 per MWh)",0.46,0.37,0.23,0.2,0.25,0.73,0.13,0.39,"G","[22];[25]+[26]"]
[null," - energy component (M€/MWh)",0.31,0.25,0.14000000000000001,0.11,0.18,0.5,0.08,0.23,"G, J","[22]+[26]"]
[null," - capacity component (M€/MW) ",0.63,0.41,0.33,0.33,0.22,0.78,0.18,0.64,"G, K","[22]+[26]"]
[null," - other project costs (M€/MWh)",0.06,0.05,0.03,0.03,0.04,0.1,0.02,0.05,"G","[22]+[26]"]
[null,"Fixed O&M (% total investment)",1.5,1.5,1.5,1.5,0.8,7.2,0.8,7.2,"G,L,M","[23];[24]"]
[null,"Variable O&M (€2015/MWh)",1.8,1.8,1.8,1.8,0.3,5.6,0.3,5.6,"G","[24]+[23]"]
[]
[null,"Technology specific data"]
[null,"Alternative Investment cost (M€2015/MW)",3.3,2.2000000000000002,1.4,1.2,1.5,4.4000000000000004,0.8,2.2999999999999998,"G","[22];[25]+[26]"]
[null,"Lifetime in total number of cycles",4500,5600,7500,7500,1100,11200,1500,15000,"N, G","[9];[25]+[27]"]
[]
[null,"Specific power (W/kg)",9.3000000000000007,9.3000000000000007,9.3000000000000007,9.3000000000000007,6.98,11.63,6.98,11.63,"O,P,Q","[10]"]
[null,"Power density (W/m3)",4300,4300,4300,4.3,3225,5375,3225,5375,"O,P,Q","[10]"]
[null,"Specific energy (Wh/kg)",56,56,56,56,42,70,42,70,"O,P,Q","[10]"]
[null,"Energy density (Wh/m3)",26000,26000,26000,26000,19500,32500,19500,32500,"O,P,Q"]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,"Notes:"]
[]
[null,"A","Specific Italian installation from 2015 used here as example. Assuming installations similar to Buzen City discussed above to become standard in the future."]
[null,"B","Highly modular technology type with near linear scaling between total cost and installation size. Power and storage capacity cannot be varied independently."]
[null,"C","Grid size unit including balancing and auxiliary losses. Excluding converters. Assumes no improvement between 2030 and 2050. "]
[null,"D","Ohmic losses maintain the temperature of the battery during operation. Losses are thus included in round trip efficiency [7]. No electrical self-discharge. If idle the heat loss is as much as 1 % of storage capacity per hour but highly variational. IRENA reports as “worst” value og 1.0 % [26]"]
[null,"E","Forced outage is minimal. Only reported case is a 2011 fire incident [9]."]
[null,"F","On the order of 1 h per year."]
[]
[null,"G","Assumptions for development and uncertainty discussed above in “Prediction of performance” and “Uncertainty”."]
[null,"H","Due to absence of predictions in literature, no development is assumed as an estimate. "]
[null,"I","Measurement. Possibly limited by PCS."]
[null,"J","Includes “Batteries” from reference [22] for 2015 values."]
[null,"K","Includes “PCS-SCI”, “Auxiliary equipment”, and “Switching and actuating equipment” from reference [22] for 2015 values."]
[null,"L","Highly uncertain. Reported in range 2000 to 17300 €2015/MW/year [24] "]
[null,"M","Does not include replacement costs. The batteries do not need replacement within lifetime [13],[10]."]
[null,"N","See Figure 5."]
[null,"O","Data for standard NGK container unit."]
[null,"P","Not the technological maximum values, i.e., the density of single cells, but the specifications for a full market-standard commercial product.  "]
[null,"Q","Uncertainties are based on a qualified guess."]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,"References"]
[null,"[1]","NGK Insulators LTD, “Case Studies.” pp. 1–13, 2016."]
[null,"[2]","“DOE Global Energy Storage Database.” [Online]. Available: https://www.energystorageexchange.org/. [Accessed: 29-Mar-2017]."]
[null,"[3]","IEC, “Electrical Energy Storage,” 2011."]
[null,"[4]","C.-H. Dustmann and A. Bito, “SECONDARY BATTERIES – HIGH TEMPERATURE SYSTEMS | Safety,” in Encyclopedia of Electrochemical Power Sources, 2009, pp. 324–333."]
[null,"[5]","B. Dunn, H. Kamath, and J.-M. Tarascon, “Electrical Energy Storage for the Grid: A Battery of Choices,” Science (80-. )., vol. 334, no. 6058, pp. 928–935, 2011."]
[null,"[6]","J. Cho, S. Jeong, and Y. Kim, “Commercial and research battery technologies for electrical energy storage applications,” Prog. Energy Combust. Sci., vol. 48, pp. 84–101, Jun. 2015."]
[null,"[7]","J. Garche and C. K. Dyer, Encyclopedia of electrochemical power sources. Academic Press, 2009."]
[null,"[8]","R. Holze, “SECONDARY BATTERIES – HIGH TEMPERATURE SYSTEMS: Sodium-Sulfur,” in Encyclopedia of Electrochemical Power Systems, vol. 200, 2009, pp. 302–311."]
[null,"[9]","M. Andriollo et al., “Energy intensive electrochemical storage in Italy: 34.8 MW sodium-sulphur secondary cells,” J. Energy Storage, vol. 5, pp. 146–155, Feb. 2016."]
[null,"[10]","NGK Insulators LTD, “Structure of NAS Energy Storage System,” 2016. [Online]. Available: https://www.ngk.co.jp/nas/specs/."]
[null,"[11]","H. Chen, T. N. Cong, W. Yang, C. Tan, Y. Li, and Y. Ding, “Progress in electrical energy storage system: A critical review,” Prog. Nat. Sci., vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 291–312, 2009."]
[null,"[12]","NGK Insulators LTD, “The World’s Largest NAS Battery Installation Commences Operation Short Installation Period Achieved through Containerized, Compact Format,” 2016. [Online]. Available: http://www.ngk.co.jp/english/news/2016/0303.html."]
[null,"[13]","G. Huff et al., “DOE/EPRI 2013 electricity storage handbook in collaboration with NRECA,” Rep. SAND2013- …, no. July, p. 340, 2013."]
[null,"[14]","NGK Insulators LTD, “Comparison of Battery Technologies | Why NAS? | NAS.” [Online]. Available: https://www.ngk.co.jp/nas/why/comparison.html. [Accessed: 13-Sep-2017]."]
[null,"[15]","O. Teller et al., “Joint EASE/EERA Recommendations for a European Energy Storage Technology Development Roadmap Towards 2030,” 2013."]
[null,"[16]","Z. Wen, Y. Hu, X. Wu, J. Han, and Z. Gu, “Main Challenges for High Performance NAS Battery: Materials and Interfaces,” Adv. Funct. Mater., vol. 23, no. 8, pp. 1005–1018, Feb. 2013."]
[null,"[17]","G. Kim, Y.-C. Park, Y. Lee, N. Cho, C.-S. Kim, and K. Jung, “The effect of cathode felt geometries on electrochemical characteristics of sodium sulfur (NaS) cells: Planar vs. tubular,” J. Power Sources, vol. 325, pp. 238–245, Sep. 2016."]
[null,"[18]","S. I. Kim, W. Il Park, K. Jung, and C.-S. Kim, “An innovative electronically-conducting matrix of the cathode for sodium sulfur battery,” J. Power Sources, vol. 320, pp. 37–42, Jul. 2016."]
[null,"[19]","K. . Ahlbrecht, C. Bucharsky, M. Holzapfel, J. Tübke, and M. J. Hoffmann, “Investigation of the wetting behavior of Na and Na alloys on uncoated and coated Na-β”-alumina at temperatures below 150 °C,” Ionics (Kiel)., pp. 1–9, Mar. 2017."]
[null,"[20]","X. Yu and A. Manthiram, “Ambient-Temperature Sodium-Sulfur Batteries with a Sodiated Nafion Membrane and a Carbon Nanofiber-Activated Carbon Composite Electrode,” Adv. Energy Mater., vol. 5, no. 12, pp. 1–6, 2015."]
[null,"[21]","X. Yu and A. Manthiram, “Performance Enhancement and Mechanistic Studies of Room-Temperature Sodium–Sulfur Batteries with a Carbon-Coated Functional Nafion Separator and a Na 2 S/Activated Carbon Nanofiber Cathode,” Chem. Mater., vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 896–905, Feb. 2016."]
[null,"[22]","R. Benato, G. Bruno, F. Palone, R. Polito, and M. Rebolini, “Large-Scale Electrochemical Energy Storage in High Voltage Grids: Overview of the Italian Experience,” Energies, vol. 10, no. 1, p. 108, Jan. 2017."]
[null,"[23]","J. E. Al Carlsson, “ETRI 2014 - Energy Technology Reference Indicator projections for 2010-2050,” 2014."]
[null,"[24]","B. Zakeri and S. Syri, “Electrical energy storage systems: A comparative life cycle cost analysis,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 42, pp. 569–596, 2015."]
[null,"[25]","K.-P. Kairies, “Battery storage technology improvements and cost reductions to 2030: A Deep Dive,” Int. Renew. Energy Agency Work., 2017."]
[null,"[26]","IRENA, “Electricity storage and renewables: Costs and markets to 2030 - Cost-of-service tool. Version 1.0,” 2017."]
[null,"[27]","P. Ralon, M. Taylor, and A. Ilas, Electricity storage and renewables: costs and market to 2030, no. October. 2017."]
[null,"[28]","L. Sigrist and E. Peirano, “E-Highway2050: Battery Storage Technology Assessment,” in WP3 workshop April 15th, 2014."]
[null,"[29]","R. Benato et al., “Sodium nickel chloride battery technology for large-scale stationary storage in the high voltage network,” J. Power Sources, vol. 293, pp. 127–136, 2015."]
[null,"[30]","G. L. Soloveichik, “Battery Technologies for Large-Scale Stationary Energy Storage,” Annu. Rev. Chem. Biomol. Eng, vol. 2, pp. 503–27, 2011."]

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[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Back to Index"]
[]
[null,"183 Na-NiCl2 Battery"]
[]
[null,"Technology","Na-NiCl2 battery"]
[null,null,2015,2020,2030,2050,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty",null,"Note","Ref"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,-2050]
[null,"Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper"]
[null,"Form of energy stored","Electricity"]
[]
[null,"Application","System, power- and energy-intensive"]
[]
[null,"Energy storage capacity for one unit (MWh)",4.43,4.1500000000000004,4.1500000000000004,4.1500000000000004,3.11,5.19,3.11,5.19,"A,B,P","[12]+[11]"]
[null,"Output capacity for one unit (MW)",1.1299999999999999,1.2,1.2,1.2,0.9,1.5,0.9,1.5,"A,B,P","[12]+[11]"]
[null,"Input capacity for one unit (MW)",0.42,0.45,0.45,0.45,0.34,0.56000000000000005,0.34,0.56000000000000005,"C,P","[34]+[8]"]
[null,"Round trip efficiency  DC(%)",87,87,87,87,81,93,83,95,"D","[4]+[7]; [31]"]
[null," - Charge efficiency (%)","-","-","-","-","-","-","-","-"]
[null," - Discharge efficiency (%)","-","-","-","-","-","-","-","-"]
[null,"Energy losses during storage (%/day)",0,0,0,0,0,15,0,15,"E,P","[35]+[5];[31]"]
[null,"Forced outage (%)",0,0,0,0,0,2,0,2,"F,P","[8]"]
[null,"Planned outage (weeks per year)",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,"F,P","[8]"]
[null,"Technical lifetime (years)",15,17,23,23,9,25,12,33,null,"[28]+[8];[30]+[32]+[31]"]
[null,"Construction time (years)",0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,0.2,2,0.2,2,"G,P","[11]"]
[]
[]
[null,"Regulation ability"]
[]
[null,"Response time from idle to full-rated discharge (sec)",0.02,0.02,0.02,0.02,1E-3,0.02,1E-3,0.02,null,"[10]/[4]+[33]"]
[null,"Response time from full-rated charge to full-rated discharge (sec)",0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,1E-3,0.5,1E-3,0.5,"H,P","[4]"]
[]
[null,"Financial data"]
[null,"Specific investment (M€2015 per MWh)",1,0.42,0.26,0.23,0.32,0.53,0.18,0.3,"I, J","[12]+[28]; [30]+[31]"]
[null," - energy component (M€/MWh)",0.76,0.26,0.14000000000000001,0.11,0.21,0.32,0.09,0.14000000000000001,"K","[12]; [31]"]
[null," - capacity component (M€/MW) ",0.48,0.41,0.33,0.33,0.3,0.57999999999999996,0.25,0.47,"L","[12]; [31]"]
[null," - other project costs (M€/MWh)",0.08,0.03,0.02,0.02,0.03,0.04,0.01,0.02,null,"[12]"]
[null,"Fixed O&M (% total investment)",1.5,1.5,1.5,1.5,0.9,2,0.9,2,"M","[29]+[28]+[27]"]
[null,"Variable O&M (€2015/MWh)",0.6,0.6,0.6,0.6,0.4,2.1,0.4,2.1,"N","[29]"]
[]
[null,"Technology specific data"]
[null,"Alternative Investment cost (M€2015/MW)",3,1.4,0.9,0.8,1.1000000000000001,1.8,0.6,1,"I","[12]+[28]"]
[null,"Lifetime in total number of cycles",4500,4500,4500,4500,1500,11300,1500,11300,"O","[4]+[8];[30]+[32]"]
[]
[null,"Specific power (W/kg)",16,16,16,16,12,20,12,20,"O,P","[8]"]
[null,"Power density (W/m3)",9350,9350,9350,9350,7012,11687,7012,11687,"O,P","[8]"]
[null,"Specific energy (Wh/kg)",56,56,56,56,42,70,42,70,"O,P","[3]"]
[null,"Energy density (Wh/m3)",32700,32700,32700,32700,24525,40875,24525,40875,"O,P","[3]"]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,"A.      Italian batteries (Codrongianos (Sardinia) and Ciminna (Sicily)) used as standard."]
[null,"B.      Highly modular technology type with near linear scaling between total cost and installation size. Power and storage capacity cannot be varied independently."]
[null,"C.      Can fast recharge with rate identical to discharge rate. Standard charge/discharge time is 8/3 h."]
[null,"D.      Efficiency varies depending on use. Loss due to balance of system is approximately 2 % higher than for Li-ion batteries with similar PCS equipment [7]"]
[null,"E.       During intended continuous operation, Ohmic losses maintain the temperature of the battery. Losses are thus included in round trip efficiency. No electrical self-discharge. Heat losses during idle periods on the order of 0.5 %/h discussed above. IRENA finds self-dischage per day to vary between 0.1 % and 15 % depending on unit and use [31]"]
[null,"F.       Highly reliable and with no downtime required for maintenance during lifetime according to manufacturer."]
[null,"G.     Can be down to 2 months."]
[null,"H.      Measurement. Possibly limited by PCS."]
[null,"I.        For 2015, the specific storage to power capacity ratio is set to the average value for Italian “Terna Storage Lab” batteries. For future installations, the 4150 kWh and 1200 kW system is assumed."]
[null,"J.        Development rates from IRENA are used for prediction of future cost [30]"]
[null,"K.      Includes “Batteries” from reference [12]"]
[null,"L.       Includes “PCS-SCI”, “Transformer”, “Auxiliary equipment”, “Switching and actuating equipment”, and “System Controls & Instrumentation (SCI)” from reference [12]."]
[null,"M.    Assumed similar to Na-S batteries in good agreement with data from EPRI [28]"]
[null,"N.     Highly uncertain. Average value given. Reported in range 0.38 to 2.1 [29]"]
[null,"O.     Data for Energy Spring 164 system from FZSoNick. Irena do not expected improvements on cell level. Improvements on installation level might occur [32]"]
[null,"P.      Uncertainties are based on a qualified guess."]
[]
[]
[null,"References"]
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[null,"[2]","Z. Yang et al., “Electrochemical Energy Storage for Green Grid,” Chem. Rev., vol. 111, no. 5, pp. 3577–3613, May 2011."]
[null,"[3]","X. Lu, G. Li, J. Y. Kim, J. P. Lemmon, V. L. Sprenkle, and Z. Yang, “A novel low-cost sodium–zinc chloride battery,” Energy Environ. Sci., vol. 6, no. 6, p. 1837, 2013."]
[null,"[4]","R. Benato et al., “Sodium nickel chloride battery technology for large-scale stationary storage in the high voltage network,” J. Power Sources, vol. 293, pp. 127–136, 2015."]
[null,"[5]","G. L. Soloveichik, “Battery Technologies for Large-Scale Stationary Energy Storage,” Annu. Rev. Chem. Biomol. Eng, vol. 2, pp. 503–27, 2011."]
[null,"[6]","B. Parkhideh, “Project : Storage Technologies for Hybrid Electric Buses - Subject : ZEBRA Battery,” 2006."]
[null,"[7]","M. Pietrucci, “Progetti Pilota Power Intensive: Descrizione degli impianti e delle tecnologie,” 2017."]
[null,"[8]","FZSoNick, “DATASHEETS,” 2017. [Online]. Available: http://www.fzsonick.com/en/emea/energy-storage/prodotti/spring,-mod-164,-324.aspx."]
[null,"[9]","M. Hosseinifar and A. Petric, “Effect of High Charge Rate on Cycle Life of ZEBRA (Na/NiCl 2 ) Cells,” J. Electrochem. Soc., vol. 163, no. 7, pp. A1226–A1231, 2016."]
[null,"[10]","T. V Rachel Carnegie Douglas Gotham David Nderitu Paul Preckel, “Utility Scale Energy Storage Systems,” 2013."]
[null,"[11]","“DOE Global Energy Storage Database.” [Online]. Available: https://www.energystorageexchange.org/. [Accessed: 29-Mar-2017]."]
[null,"[12]","R. Benato, G. Bruno, F. Palone, R. Polito, and M. Rebolini, “Large-Scale Electrochemical Energy Storage in High Voltage Grids: Overview of the Italian Experience,” Energies, vol. 10, no. 1, p. 108, Jan. 2017."]
[null,"[13]","NGK Insulators LTD, “Case Studies.” pp. 1–13, 2016."]
[null,"[14]","NGK Insulators LTD, “The World’s Largest NAS Battery Installation Commences Operation Short Installation Period Achieved through Containerized, Compact Format,” 2016. [Online]. Available: http://www.ngk.co.jp/english/news/2016/0303.html."]
[null,"[15]","M. Andriollo et al., “Energy intensive electrochemical storage in Italy: 34.8 MW sodium-sulphur secondary cells,” J. Energy Storage, vol. 5, pp. 146–155, Feb. 2016."]
[null,"[16]","NGK Insulators LTD, “Structure of NAS Energy Storage System,” 2016. [Online]. Available: https://www.ngk.co.jp/nas/specs/."]
[null,"[17]","K. Bradbury, “Energy Storage Technology Review,” A Br. Introd. to Batter., no. September, pp. 1–33, 2010."]
[null,"[18]","IEC, “Electrical Energy Storage,” 2011."]
[null,"[19]","A. Colthorpe, “NGK’s NAS sodium sulfur grid-scale batteries in depth E,” Energy Storage News, 2017."]
[null,"[20]","C.-H. Dustmann and A. Bito, “SECONDARY BATTERIES – HIGH TEMPERATURE SYSTEMS | Safety,” in Encyclopedia of Electrochemical Power Sources, 2009, pp. 324–333."]
[null,"[21]","R. C. Galloway, -Mes-Dea Sa, and C.-H. Dustmann, “ZEBRA Battery -Material Cost Availability and Recycling,” vol. 1519, 2003."]
[null,"[22]","H.-J. Chang, N. L. Canfield, K. Jung, V. L. Sprenkle, and G. Li, “Advanced Na-NiCl 2 Battery Using Nickel-Coated Graphite with Core− Shell Microarchitecture.”"]
[null,"[23]","Fred Lambert, “Breakdown of raw materials in Tesla’s batteries and possible bottlenecks | Electrek,” Electrek, 2016. [Online]. Available: https://electrek.co/2016/11/01/breakdown-raw-materials-tesla-batteries-possible-bottleneck/. [Accessed: 12-Sep-2017]."]
[null,"[24]","S. Longo, V. Antonucci, M. Cellura, and M. Ferraro, “Life cycle assessment of storage systems: the case study of a sodium/nickel chloride battery,” J. Clean. Prod., vol. 85, pp. 337–346, 2014."]
[null,"[25]","O. Teller et al., “Joint EASE/EERA Recommendations for a European Energy Storage Technology Development Roadmap Towards 2030,” 2013."]
[null,"[26]","X. Lu et al., “Liquid-metal electrode to enable ultra-low temperature sodium–beta alumina batteries for renewable energy storage,” Nat. Commun., vol. 5, pp. 5884–5901, Aug. 2014."]
[null,"[27]","J. E. Al Carlsson, “ETRI 2014 - Energy Technology Reference Indicator projections for 2010-2050,” 2014."]
[null,"[28]","G. Huff et al., “DOE/EPRI 2013 electricity storage handbook in collaboration with NRECA,” Rep. SAND2013- …, no. July, p. 340, 2013."]
[null,"[29]","B. Zakeri and S. Syri, “Electrical energy storage systems: A comparative life cycle cost analysis,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 42, pp. 569–596, 2015."]
[null,"[30]","K.-P. Kairies, “Battery storage technology improvements and cost reductions to 2030: A Deep Dive,” Int. Renew. Energy Agency Work., 2017."]
[null,"[31]","IRENA, “Electricity storage and renewables: Costs and markets to 2030 - Cost-of-service tool. Version 1.0,” 2017."]
[null,"[32]","P. Ralon, M. Taylor, and A. Ilas, Electricity storage and renewables: costs and market to 2030, no. October. 2017."]
[null,"[33]","L. Sigrist and E. Peirano, “E-Highway2050: Battery Storage Technology Assessment,” in WP3 workshop April 15th, 2014."]
[null,"[34]","J. Garche and C. K. Dyer, Encyclopedia of electrochemical power sources. Academic Press, 2009."]
[null,"[35]","H. Chen, T. N. Cong, W. Yang, C. Tan, Y. Li, and Y. Ding, “Progress in electrical energy storage system: A critical review,” Prog. Nat. Sci., vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 291–312, 2009."]